Final Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
what was the last major empire to control territory in the Middle East?
A
Ottoman Empire
2
Q
after which conflict was the territory controlled by the Ottoman Empire divided into mandates among Western European nations?
A
World War I
3
Q
what were the main causes of the rise of nationalism in the Middle East?
A
- modernization
- oil wealth
4
Q
T/F: Turkey was under the control of British mandate for a long time before achieving independence
A
False - under a French mandate
5
Q
who was the leader of the nationalist movement in Turkey and eventually became the first President of Turkey?
A
Mustafa Kemal
6
Q
Ataturk’s efforts at modernizing Turkey included what?
A
- abolition of the caliph
- abolition of Islamic law
- Westernization
7
Q
Ataturk’s modernization program
A
Kemalism
8
Q
both Shah Reza Pahlavi and his son, Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlavi, used this to strengthen the Iranian economy, which soured their reputations
A
foreign investments
9
Q
what resource was present in great natural abundance in Iran and was a contributing factor in the deposition of Shah Reza Pahlavi in Iran?
A
oil
10
Q
why did Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlavi exile the Ayatollah Khomeini and kill his supporters in Iran?
A
The Ayatollah, and the Shia clergy in general, was very influential with the Iranian people and were looked to for guidance
11
Q
why was the Iranian White Revolution, which made the Shah very unpopular, such a miserable failure?
A
- the plots of land given to the peasants were too small to be useful
- it increased poverty in Iran, especially in urban centers
- large foreign businesses ran merchant families out of business
12
Q
during the Iranian revolution of 1978/1979, mourning processes were a major source of tension. How did these mourning processions contribute to the violence?
A
protesters were killed –> more mourning processions –> more protests –> more violence
13
Q
who took control of Iran after the Shah was forced to flee in 1979?
A
Ayatollah Khomeini (theocracy)
14
Q
why was Egypt considered a “Cold War Battleground?”
A
both the US and USSR struggled for influence in Egypt
15
Q
Nasser’s policy of not forming alliances was known as:
A
Non-Alignment
16
Q
why did Nasser orchestrate a coup in 1952?
A
the king was heavily influenced by the British
17
Q
How did the Suez War begin?
A
Nasser nationalized the Canal, which had been built with French and British money
18
Q
how was the modern state of Israel created?
A
the United Nations officially created the state in 1948
19
Q
T/F: the Israelis and Arabs were supposed to share the land for farming, and this totally worked flawlessly
A
false
20
Q
how was Israel able to gain so much territory and displace much of the Palestinian population after its creation?
A
it was attacked in 1948 by much of the Arab world but won the war
21
Q
which 2 regions contain the Palestinian population?
A
West Bank
Gaza Strip
(Israel control them military)
22
Q
Israel took control of the Sinai Peninsula after its quick and decisive victory in this 1967 conflict
A
Six Day War (b/w Israel and Egypt)
23
Q
Which conflict destroyed the myth of Israeli invincibility?
A
Yom Kippur War
24
Q
Why were the Camp David Accords in 1979 so successful?
A
all parties present were willing to negotiate
25
what were the results of the Camp David Accords?
- Egypt recognized the existence of Israel
| - Israel began to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula
26
What was the First Intifada in 1987?
the PLO was rebelling against Israeli control of the Gaza Strip and West Bank
27
what were the terms of the Oslo Accords in 1993?
- the PLO agreed to recognize the existence of Israel
| - Israel agreed to gradually transfer control of the Gaza Strip and West Bank to the Palestinians
28
T/F:
| Israel completely transferred control of the Gaza Strip and West Bank to the Palestinians
false
29
which of these is a term that refers to the segregated South of the United States?
Jim Crow
30
ruled that "separate but equal" was constitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson
31
ruled that "separate is never equal"
Brown v. Board of Education
32
what is Pan-Africanism?
- global black consciousness
| - taking pride in being black
33
the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a major moment in the Civil Rights Movement. The person who began this was trained at
Highlander School
34
Dr. MLK Jr. was influenced by what?
Christianity
| Gandhi
35
how did President Eisenhower respond to the Central High School incident?
nationalized the Arkansas guard and sent paratroopers to force integration
36
what was a sit-in?
protest against segregation by invading white space
37
where was the most famous sit-in?
Woolworth in Greensboro, North Carolina
38
President LBJ used his connections in Congress to get the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964. what did this new law do?
- outlawed segregation of all public facilities
| - cut government funding to any public facility that segregated
39
in what year was the Voting Rights Act passed?
1965
40
what was the significance of colonial African soldiers serving during WWI and WWII for their respective imperial powers?
fighting to protect Britain and France from German imperialism but they were victims of British and French imperialism
41
T/F:
WWII caused an "economic spurt" in Africa due to Europe's reliance on Africa as a source of raw materials and other resources
true
42
how did the American Civil Rights Movement affect African Nationalism?
it proved that freedom from white oppression could be achieved and inspired them
43
Gold Coast, later Ghana, was a colony of which imperial power?
Britain
44
why did the colonists in the Gold Coast start a boycott of European goods in 1948?
they thought the British were creating artificial scarcity to manipulate prices
45
what was granted to Gold Coast in 1951 by their governing imperial power?
- a new constitution
| - elections for positions within a parliamentary-style government
46
what was the reason Gold Coast's imperial power granted independence?
after just coming out of WWII, they didn't have the resources to maintain control of Gold Coast (Ghana)
47
when Ghana was granted independence, their new government functioned relatively smoothly. Why was this?
the people in Ghana had held government offices and knew how to run things
48
The Congo had been long under the control of which imperial power?
Belgium
49
when the Congo was granted independence, massive violence broke out. Why was this?
there were so many culturally different groups lumped in the Congo
50
why was Patrice Lumumba assassinated in a CIA plot?
he supported Socialism and was BFFs with the Soviet Union
51
why were things so chaotic in the Congo following decolonization?
size and diversity of the colony AND the Congolese had not held government offices
52
Algeria was a colony of this imperial power
France
53
what did the battle of Dienbienphu prove to the Algerian nationalists?
- the French would step out of a colony of conditions for them were bad enough
- the French could be beaten
54
French Algerian colonists whose families had been there for generations were known as:
pieds-noirs
55
this faction started a civil war within Algeria over independence
National Liberation Front (FLN)
56
the Algerian nationalists' link to this country was a major contributing factor to France's involvement in the Suez War
Egypt
57
T/F:
the Algerian civil war was so destabilizing in France that it caused an event known as the Fall of the Fourth Republic in which French government collapsed and a new constitution had to be drafted
true
58
why did generals in Algeria stage a coup against the French colonial government?
they wanted to set up a government controlled by the French colonists
59
which European country has had the longest presence in South Africa and the surrounding regions?
Britain
60
the system of extreme segregation in South Africa is known as:
Apartheid
61
which of these was not a classification of the people of South Africa?
Indians
62
what was the problem with the concept of "homelands" in South Africa?
- they didn't coincide with traditional tribal lands
| - the land was too unproductive to be useful
63
what was the African National Congress?
group that opposed imperialism and Apartheid
| - Nelson Mandela got involved with them
64
Why did Mandela reject governmental offers of freedom from prison?
- he was a far more useful symbol for the movement from within prison
- the government demanded that he denounce his violent acts and give up political activism
65
what happened at the Soweto Uprising?
uprising over imposing Afrikaans on African school children
66
what is the significance of De Klerk's presidency in South Africa?
- he began phasing black political involvement into South African society
- he recognized it was time to get rid of the segregation in South Africa
67
- alternated between concessions and crackdowns with the non-white populations
- he threw demonstrators in jail on the anniversary of the Soweto Uprising
Botha
68
who won the first South African presidential election in which blacks could vote?
Nelson Mandela
69
T/F:
| Mandela advocated for a mass exodus of whites out of South Africa
False. he wanted integration / equality
70
military alliance including much of Western Europe and the U.S.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
71
military alliance including the Soviet Union and its satellites
the Warsaw Pact
72
a gathering of intellectuals in Czechoslovakia who were urging reforms to the harsh conditions of loving as a Soviet satellite. It was ruthlessly put down by the Soviets
Prague Spring
73
what were the contributing factors to the fall of Communism and the Soviet Union?
- economic failures
- consumer culture of the West
- the Soviet Union's weakening hold over its satellites
74
what was Solidarity?
a broad "umbrella" labor union in Poland that advocated for freedom of expression and a more democratic political system
75
what 2 policies are associated with Mikhail Gorbachev?
Perestroika
| Glasnost
76
economic reforms in the USSR by Gorbachev
Perestroika
77
transparency, openness to criticism / suggestions / feedback of government
Glasnost
78
why was Gorbachev an advocate for profit incentive?
- thought it could fix the Soviet economy
| - blamed Soviet economic problems on lack of incentive
79
why were the Stalinists in the Soviet government such a problem for Gorbachev?
they were hard-liner Communists and tried to block some of his changes
80
what was a catalyst to the downfall of Communism?
- nationalism in the satellites and the Baltic Republics
| - an economic crisis that hit the Warsaw Pact in 1988
81
what contributed to changing relations between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Gorbachev Era?
- arms control
- relationship between the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States
- willingness for the Soviet Union to not hide events within its borders from the rest of the world (e.g. Chernobyl disaster)
82
who were the 3 bffs of the Gorbachev Era?
Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Gorbachev
83
what were the "Breakaway (Baltic) Republics?"
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
84
what were some characteristics of Latin America following WWII?
- heavy involvement of the Catholic Church in everyday life
- economic hardships
- foreign influence via corporations and investments
85
what company was heavily influenced in Guatemala and used its influence with the US government to stage an overthrow of President Arbenz?
United Fruit Company
86
what was true of Cuba under Castro?
- provided major social programs such as education and healthcare
- his revolution replaced the regime of Batista
- received huge subsidies from the Soviet Union
87
led a military junta in Chile after the overthrow of Allende
General Pinochet
88
group of critics of the Somoza government who later started a military conflict and overthrew the Somoza regime
Sandinistas
89
President of the US who intervened in the Central High School incident
Eisenhower
90
nationalist leader and first Prime Minister of Congo
Lumumba
91
Prime Minister of Israel who participated in the Oslo Accords
Rabin
92
leader of Solidarity in Poland
Lech Walesa
93
Civil Rights activist who began the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks
94
Nationalist leader and founder of modern Turkey
Ataturk
95
governor of AL
| tried to prevent Vivian Malone's integration
George Wallace
96
nationalist leader and first Prime Minister/President of Ghana
Nkrumah
97
Chief Justice of SCOTUS who presided over Brown v. Board
Earl Warren
98
Shia religious leader and face of Iranian Revolution
Ayatollah
99
Prime Minister of Israel at Camp David Accords
Begin
100
first African-American to integrate at Auburn
Harold Franklin
101
POTUS who participated in Camp David Accords
Jimmy Carter
102
African-American thinker who advocated for integration and Pan-Africanism
Dubois
103
President of South Africa who alternated between concessions and crackdowns
Botha
104
president of Egypt who participated in the Camp David Accords
Sadat
105
governor of Arkansas who tried to prevent the integration of Central High School
Orville Faubus
106
leader of the PLO; present at the Oslo Accords
Arafat
107
president of France who advocated for Algerian independence
de Gaulle
108
face of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States
MLK Jr.
109
first Shah of Iran that we discussed; deposed and replaced by his son
Reza Pahlavi
110
Jamaican thinker who advocated for "Back to Africa"
Garvey
111
President of South Africa who began to phase out apartheid
De Klerk
112
first African-American to integrate at Ole Miss
James Meredith
113
replaced Lumumba as Prime Minister of the Congo
Mobuta
114
POTUS at Oslo Accords
Bill Clinton
115
leader of the Soviet Union who made sweeping changes
Gorbachev
116
nationalist leader of Egypt; began the Suez War; built the Aswan Dam
Nasser
117
first African-American to integrate at Bama
Vivian Malone
118
face of South African struggle for civil rights; eventual President of South Africa
Mandela
119
POTUS who got the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Ace of 1965 passed
LBJ
120
replaced his father as Shah of Iran; heavily associated with foreign influence
Muhammed Reza
121
archbishop in South Africa who used nonviolence to advocate for civil rights
Desmond Tutu
