Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
how did the Battle of Britain affect Hitler’s plans for WWII?
A
his failed invasion forced him to turn his focus to the USSR
2
Q
What was an effect of President Franklin Roosevelt’s term with regards to WWII?
A
- he pulled America out of the Great Depression
- he built up the American war machine
- the U.S. entered the war during his term
3
Q
why were the Americans able to carry out bombing campaigns in the daytime?
A
the B-17 bombers had better armor than British planes
4
Q
why did Hitler break the Nazi-Soviet Pact by invading the Soviet Union?
A
- he had imperial ambitions in the Soviet Union
- he was fiercely anti-Communism and wanted to eradicate it
5
Q
T/F: Stalin and the Soviet Union joined the Western Allies after Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact
A
true
6
Q
how was the Red Army able to turn the tide against the Nazis in the Soviet Union?
A
the harsh Russian winter set in and many of the Nazi invaders died
7
Q
where did D-Day take place?
A
Normandy, France
8
Q
How were the Western Allies able to successfully invade on D-Day?
A
they faked an invasion elsewhere to draw off the bulk of the German forces
9
Q
which of these was the last major German offensive campaign of WWII?
A
Battle of the Bulge
10
Q
who was the supreme commander of Western Allied forces in WWII?
A
Dwight Eisenhower
11
Q
Why had the Western Allies bombed Dresden so heavily?
A
- it was a major center of German culture
- the allies wanted to break the German spirit and force their surrender
- it was full of refugees from the rest of devastated Germany
12
Q
why was there an internal plot to assassinate Hitler?
A
his generals wanted to spare the German people from any more suffering
13
Q
which event marked the beginning of WWII in the Pacific?
A
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
14
Q
what caused the United States to enter WWII?
A
Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941
15
Q
why did the U.S. decide to use atomic weapons against the Japanese in 1945?
A
- a conventional invasion of Japan was expected to result in more lives lost
- it was clear that the Japanese government wasn’t going to surrender
16
Q
what were the effects of WWII?
A
- many countries and their economies were devastated
- rapid development of new technologies
- refugee crisis
17
Q
why did Stalin have the upper hand at the Yalta Conference?
A
he had completed his objective of reaching Berlin before the Western Allies did
18
Q
what were the agreements at the Yalta Conference?
A
- zones of occupation in Germany
- a pro-Soviet buffer between the Soviet Union and Germany
- free democratic elections in Eastern Europe
19
Q
how did Stalin get his reparations from Germany following WWII?
A
he packed up factories in East Germany and moved them to the Soviet Union
20
Q
T/F: Stalin prevented the free elections from happening by installing his own pro-Soviet political leaders in Eastern Europe
A
true
21
Q
define the Cold War
A
communist dictatorship vs. capitalist democracy
containment
22
Q
how did President Truman plan to “get tough” with the Soviet Union?
A
containment
23
Q
promised American aid to any country that was at risk of falling to Communism
A
Truman Doctrine
24
Q
provided American aid to any European country recovering from WWII
A
Marshall Plan
25
The United States formed this as a collective defense against the Soviet offense
NATO
26
what were the "tense moments" of the Cold War we discussed?
- Berlin Airlift
- Korean War
- Cuban Missile Crisis
27
why did the Soviet Union blockade movement in the city of Berlin?
East Germans were using West Berlin to escape
28
How did the Western Allies respond to the Soviet blockade of Berlin?
Berlin Airlift
29
Where was Korea divided following WWII?
38th parallel
30
why did Communist North Korea invade "republican" South Korea?
to reunite the two Koreas into one country
31
Why did China enter the Korean War?
- the U.S./ United Nations forced moved past the dividing point of the Koreas
- they had imperial ambitions in both Koreas
32
what was McCarthyism?
sensationalist fear of Communist subversives in the United States
33
in what year was the Berlin Wall torn down?
1989
34
the postwar conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union
Cold War
35
American policy of preventing the spread of Communist rule
Truman Doctrine
36
American plan for providing economic aid to Europe to help it rebuild
Marshall Plan
37
an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western nations
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
38
countries whose military (or economic) might dwarfed that of other countries
superpowers
39
the belief that government in some areas of the world locks other nations into underdevelopment
dependency theory
40
the belief that all countries evolved in a linear progression from traditional to mature
modernization theory
41
the use of trade barriers to keep certain products out of one's country so that domestic industry can emerge and produce the same goods
import substitution industrialization (ISI)
42
a movement within the Catholic Church to support the poor in situations of exploitation that emerged with particular force in Latin America in the 1960s
liberation theology
43
political party in colonial India that advocated for a separate Muslim homeland after independence
Muslim League
44
a modernizing, secular, and nationalist project of nation building aimed at economic development and the development of a strong military
Arab socialism
45
created in 1964, a loose union of Palestine refugee groups opposed to Israel and united in the goal of gaining Palestinian home rule
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
46
Mao Zedong's acceleration of Chinese development in which industrial growth was to be based on small-scale backyard workshops run by peasants living in gigantic self-contained communes
Great Leap Forward
47
a movement launched by Mao Zedong that attempted to purge the Chinese Communist Party of long-serving bureaucrats and recapture the revolutionary fervor of his guerrilla struggle
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
48
radical cadres formed of Chinese youth who would attack anyone identified as an enemy of either the Chinese Communist Party or Chairman Mao
Red Guards
49
where did the power lie reside in during Japan's American reconstruction?
Japanese Diet
50
the Japanese prime minister during much of the American occupation and early post-occupation period
Shigeru Yoshida
51
the imposition of treaties and agreements under threat of military violence, such as the opening of Japan to trade after Commodore Perry's demands
gunboat diplomacy
52
the 1867 ousting of the Tokugawa Shogunate that "restored" the power of the Japanese emperors
Meiji Restoration
53
the domain leaders who organized the Meiji Restoration
Meiji Oligarchs
54
what was the battle cry of the Meiji reformers?
"strong army, rich nation"
55
what were the causes of relaxation of attitudes in the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
- living conditions in Eastern Europe made USSR look bad
- acknowledgement of Americans' willingness to intervene militarily to stop spread of Communism
- weakening hold over Soviet satellite states
56
what was a major cause of relaxation in the United States?
Soviet Union had atomic weapons now
57
how did Castro's revolution in Cuba affect America?
- American investors lost their land due to Castro's land reform
- the American government feared Castro would spread Communism to Latin America
58
how was the Bay of Pigs invasion supposed to work?
American-trained Cuban exiles would invade Cuba and depose Castro
59
T/F: the Bay of Pigs invasion was incredibly successful
false
60
what was the year of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
1962
61
what was the main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
The Soviet Union had placed nuclear warheads in Cuba
62
how was the Cuban Missile Crisis solved?
- Soviets took missiles out of Cuba
- Americans took missiles out of Turkey
- Americans promised not to invade Cuba
63
what events set off the Space Race?
the Soviets launched Sputnik into space
64
what were the effects of the Space Race?
- National Defense Education Act
- generation gap between parents and children in the U.S.
- NASA was founded
65
describe the irony of Indian soldiers fighting for Britain during WWI and WWII
Indian soldiers were fighting against German imperialism, while they were controlled by UK
66
gave Indians low-level governmental positions
Chelmsford Reforms
67
associated with preventative detention
Rowlett Act
68
what happened at the Amritsar Massacre?
colonial troops fired upon a mass gathering of Sikhs in Amritsar
69
Mohandas Ghandi's theory of resistance included which of the following?
- non-violent resistance
- those resisting must be spiritually ready to do so
- withholding cooperation from authority to get change
70
T/F: Indian nationalists initially wanted complete independence and freedom from Britain
false
71
what were the Indian National Congress's two main goals?
- help modernize India economically and socially
| - work with Britain to get roles for Indians in the colonial government
72
why was the Muslim League fearful of the Indian National Congress's growing influence?
they feared the creation of a Hindu theocracy in India
73
what was the solution to the struggle between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League following Britain's exit from India in 1947?
- a 2-state solution with the Partition of India
| - Hindus were given India, and Muslims were given Pakistan
74
T/F: the solution to the struggle between Hindus and Muslims in India was peaceful
false
75
first human in space
Yuri Gagarin
76
first president of West Germany
Konrad Adenauer
77
Americans executed for espionage for the Soviet Union
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
78
President of the US for much of WWII; member of the Big Three
Franklin Roosevelt
79
Communist revolutionary who overthrew Batista's regime in Cuba
Fidel Castro
80
Prime Minister of USSR during much of the Cold War; said "Peaceful Coexistence"
Nikita Krushchev
81
Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII; member of the Big Three
Stalin
82
General of the United States forces in Korea; wanted to invade China
MacArthur
83
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII; member of the Big Three
Churchill
84
junior Senator who claimed to have a list of 205 Communists within American government
McCarthy
85
President of the US following Roosevelt; came up with containment
Truman
86
British colonial authority in India who ordered the Amritsar massacre
General Dyer
87
Supreme commander of Western Allies in WWII; eventual President of U.S.
Eisenhower
88
plan to provide American money for Europe's recovery after WWII was named after him
George Marshall
89
leader of Indian nationalism
Mohandas (Mahatma) Ghandi
90
first American launched into space
Alan Shepard
91
first American to be placed in geocentric orbit
John Glenn
92
leader of the KMT and China following Sun Yat-sen's death; very anti-Communist
Chiang Kai-shek
93
leader of Communist North Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
94
leader of the Indian National Congress; first Prime Minister of India
Nehru
95
face of the Democracy Movement in China
Wei Jingsheng
96
this man introduced Communism to China
Li Dazhao
97
leader of the Muslim League in India; founder of Pakistan
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
98
leader of South Vietnam after the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
Nugeyen Van Thieu
99
Prime Minister of India following Nehru's death; dictator
Indira Gandhi
100
leader of the nationalist movement in China; "father of modern China"
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
101
associate of Sun Yat-sen; first leader of post-Manchu/Qing China
Yuan Shi-Kai
102
leader of the Communist revolution in China
Mao Zedong
103
pragmatist in Chinese government; leader of economic reforms after Mao
Deng Xiaoping
104
leader of the Taiping Rebellion; thought he was the brother of Jesus
Hong Xiuquan
105
pragmatist in Chinese government
Zhou Enlai
106
first leader of South Vietnam following the decolonization by the French
Ngo Dinh Diem
107
why was the March to the Sea such a big deal for Indian nationalism?
Indians made their own salt instead of buying salt taxed by Britain
108
what were the Indian National Congress's 2 main goals?
- help modernize India economically and socially
| - work with Britain to get roles for Indians in the colonial government
109
Why was the Muslim League fearful of the Indian National Congress's growing influence?
they feared the creation of a Hindu theocracy in India
110
what was the solution to the struggle between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League following Britain's exit from India in 1947?
- a 2-state solution with the Partition of India
| - Hindus were given India, and Muslims were given Pakistan
111
T/F: the solution to the struggle between Hindus and Muslims in India was peaceful
false
112
what happened in India under Indira Gandhi?
- dictatorial government
- India gained the atomic bomb
- became a major economic power in the world
113
what event made China subject to European imperialism?
Opium War
114
what was the main target of the Taiping Rebellion?
Manchu government
115
Who did the Boxer Rebellion target?
foreigners in China
116
after the fall of the Manchu dynasty, why did Sun Yat-sen try to stage another nationalist movement in China?
Yuan Shi-kai had become a dictator in China despite fighting to overthrow the Manchu
117
upon returning to China, Sun Yat-sen put together the _____ to defeat the warlords who had filled the power vacuum following Yuan Shi-kai's death
KMT
118
After the West refused to help Sun Yat-sen defeat the warlords, he got assistance from
communists and the Soviet Union
119
T/F: the alliance between the KMT and the Communists lasted long after they defeated the warlords
false
120
which of the following things happened during Chiang Kai-shek's rule of China?
- dictatorial government
- technological and infrastructure improvements
- purging the KMT of communists
121
how did Marxism have to be changed to fit China?
the Communist revolution would be carried out by the rural peasants
122
why did the Communists undertake the Long March?
they needed a foothold in North China from which to operate
123
in which year did Mao and the Communists defeat Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT?
1949
124
what happened to Chiang Kai-Shek and the KMT following their defeat in China?
they fled to Taiwan to set up their own government there
125
why did Mao target the land owning elite during his purge of the Chinese countryside?
he owed land to the Soviets for their help during the civil war
126
what was the main effect of "Let a thousand flowers bloom"?
Mao's critics had been exposed, and he eliminated them
127
explain why the Great Leap Forward was such a failure
- rural industrialization was inefficient
- famine bc of no farm workers
- high birth rate
128
after the failure of the Great Leap Forward, there were Communists within Chinese government who wanted to use capitalist practices of market and profit incentives to help the Chinese economy recover
Pragmatists
| capitalist roaders
129
what happened under Mao's Cultural Revolution?
- re-indoctrination of Chinese society to Communist practices
- extensive use of propaganda
- severe damage to the Chinese economy, bureaucracy, etc
130
advocated for women's right and equality
Mao and Communists
131
advocated for traditional roles for women
Madame Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists
132
after Mao's death, the Pragmatists came to power and started making capitalist reforms to the Chinese economy, which included opening up to Western investment. who presided over this?
Deng Xiaoping
133
What happened at Tiananmen Square in 1989?
university students staged a massive protest that was put down by the military
134
which event signaled to the French that it was time to decolonize Indochina?
Dienbienphu
135
what were the terms of the agreement in Geneva that ended the civil war in Vietnam?
- divide Vietnam into North and South
- communists would control North
- free elections the following year would reunite Vietnam
136
why did the United States support the first dictatorial government of Ngo Dinh Diem?
he was capitalist and anti-Communist
137
how did Catholicism play into the rise of the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam?
Diem favored the wealthy land-owning Catholic elite and alienated everyone else
138
the Vietnamese saw the Vietnam War as a struggle for
Nationalism
139
the Americans saw the Vietnam War as a struggle against
Communism
140
why would containment not really work in Vietnam by the time the United States entered the conflict?
there was already a significant Communist movement in South Vietnam
141
what was another name for the military arm of the Communist movement in South Vietnam?
Viet Cong
142
how did LBJ escalate American involvement in Vietnam?
Gulf of Tonkin
143
which of these best describes the type of warfare during the Vietnam War?
guerilla
144
what event was the undoing of LBJ?
Tet Offensive
145
Richard Nixon campaigned on this policy, which consisted of turning over the conflict in Vietnam to the Vietnamese and removing American soldiers from the conflict
Vietnamization
146
why did Nixon expand the conflict into Cambodia and Laos?
the North Vietnamese were running supply lines through these regions
147
the American soldiers who fought in Vietnam were drafted. what is another name for a military draft?
conscription
148
the American public initially supported involvement in Vietnam because of containment. Which event changed public opinion of the war due to the number of American deaths?
Tet Offensive
149
what happened at the Kent State University Massacre in 1970?
the Ohio National Guard fired upon violent protesters on the campus
150
what event in 1868 led to massive economic growth in Japan?
Meiji Restoration
151
how were the Japanese people put back to work during the Great Depression?
they started building the war machine
152
what were the two goals of the American occupation of Japan following WWII?
- set up a democratic government in Japan
| - demilitarize Japan
153
T/F: the Americans left the Japanese Emperor in full power with divine status during and after their occupation
false
154
who was in charge of the American occupation of Japan following WWII?
General Douglas MacArthur
155
what were the reforms carried out by the Americans in Japan?
abolished state religion
reformed education to focus on STEM
created a parliamentary democracy
156
what contributed to the rapid economic growth of Japan in the post-war years?
- government policies favored economic growth
- management poured profits back into their own companies
- Japan became a producer of very high quality electronics and automobiles
