Exam 4

Question 1

a commission created by the League of Nations to oversee the developed nations’ fulfillment of their international responsibility toward their mandates

Answer 1

Permanent Mandates Commission

Question 2

the 1916 secret agreement between Britain and France that divided up the Arab lands of Lebanon, Syria, southern Turkey, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq

Answer 2

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Question 3

a 1917 statement by British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour that supported the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Answer 3

Balfour Declaration

Question 4

the 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish war and recognized the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey

Answer 4

Treaty of Lausanne

Question 5

the national assembly established by the despotic shah of Iran in 1906

Answer 5

Majlis

Question 6

a Jewish collective farm on which each member shared equally in the work, rewards, and defense

Answer 6

kibbutz

Question 7

a 1916 alliance between the Hindus leading the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League

Answer 7

Lucknow Pact

Question 8

loosely translated as “soul force,” which Gandhi believed was the means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor

Answer 8

satyagraha

Question 9

a Chinese nationalist movement against foreign imperialists; it began as a student protest against the decision of the Paris Peace Conference to leave the Shandong Peninsula in the hands of Japan

Answer 9

May Fourth Movement

Question 10

an intellectual revolution, sometimes called the Chinese Renaissance, that attacked traditional Chinese, particularly Confucian, culture and promoted Western ideas of science, democracy, and individualism, from around 1916 to 1923

Answer 10

New Culture Movement

Question 11

giant conglomerate firms in Japan

Answer 11

zaibatsu

Question 12

the 6,000-mile retreat of the Chinese Communist army to a remote region on the northwestern border of China, during which tens of thousands lost their lives

Answer 12

Long March

Question 13

the global re-circulation by international banks of profits from the higher price of oil

Answer 13

petrodollars

Question 14

a return to policies intended to promote free markets and the free circulation of capital across national borders

Answer 14

neoliberalism

Question 15

policies restricting public spending, lowering import barriers, privatizing state enterprises, and deregulating markets

Answer 15

Washington Consensus

Question 16

a prolonged campaign of civil disobedience by Palestinian youth against Israeli soldiers

Answer 16

intifada

Question 17

Arabic word means “shaking off”

Answer 17

intifada

Question 18

a government headed by a council of commanders of the branches of the armed forces

Answer 18

junta

Question 19

the system of racial segregation and discrimination that was supported by the Afrikaner government in South Africa

Answer 19

apartheid

Question 20

the main black nationalist organization in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela

Answer 20

African National Congress (ANC)

Question 21

the site of a Chinese student revolt in 1989 at which Communists imposed martial law and arrested, injured, or killed hundreds of students

Answer 21

Tiananmen Square

Question 22

a nickname from the 1980s used to describe the intricate relationship of Japan’s business world and government

Answer 22

“Japan, Inc.”

Question 23

the progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions

Answer 23

detente

Question 24

economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the establishment of profit-seeking private cooperatives to provide personal services for customers

Answer 24

perestroika

Question 25

Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in the government and the media

Answer 25

glasnost

Question 26

led by Lech Walesa, a free and democratic Polish trade union that worked for the rights of workers and political reform

Answer 26

Solidarity

Question 27

an economic and political alliance of twelve European nations formed in 1993 that has since grown to include 23 European nations

Answer 27

European Unions (EU)

Question 28

people who sought black solidarity and envisioned a vast self-governing union of all African peoples

Answer 28

Pan-Africanists

Question 29

mass protests in the 1930s by Gold Coast producers of cocoa who refused to sell their beans to British firms and instead sold them directly to European and American chocolate manufacturers

Answer 29

cocoa holdups

Question 30

the predominantly Catholic French population in the French colony of Algeria, called "black feet" because they wore black shoes instead of sandals

Answer 30

pieds-noirs

Question 31

the victorious anticolonial movement in Algeria

Answer 31

National Liberation Front

Question 32

a systematic effort by Latin American nationalists to end neocolonialism and to free their national economies from American and western European influences

Answer 32

economic nationalism

Question 33

politicians who appealed to the working class and poor with appeals to nationalism and to social justice

Answer 33

populists

Question 34

the liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union, led by reformer Nikita Khruschev during his years as the head of the Soviet Union (1953-1964)

Answer 34

de-Stalinization

Question 35

the European Economic Community created in 1957

Answer 35

Common Market

Question 36

the 1964 U.S. act that prohibited discrimination in public services and on the job

Answer 36

Civil Rights Act

Question 37

a philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Answer 37

liberalism

Question 38

the small number of individuals and families that monopolized political power and economic resources

Answer 38

oligarchs

Question 39

the region encompassing the Antilles islands as well as the lands that bound the Caribbean Sea in Central America and northern South America

Answer 39

Circum-Caribbean

Question 40

government by charismatic figures who rule through personal power rather than the functioning of public institutions

Answer 40

caudillismo

Question 41

the belief that God had foreordained the United States to cover the entire continent

Answer 41

manifest destiny

Question 42

the 1848 treaty between the United States and Mexico in which Mexico ceded large tracts of land to the United States

Answer 42

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Question 43

an 1856 Mexican law that barred corporate landholdings

Answer 43

Lerdo Law

Question 44

the re-establishment of political and economic influence over regions after they have ceased to be formal colonies

Answer 44

neocolonialism

Question 45

a gradual form of abolition through which children born to slaves gained their freedom

Answer 45

free womb laws

Question 46

the regime of Porfirio Diaz, who presided in Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and again from 1884 to 1911

Answer 46

Porfiriato

Question 47

large landed estates

Answer 47

latifundios

Question 48

a radical ideology that proposed the revolutionary reorganization of society into an egalitarian community ruled by labor unions

Answer 48

anarcho-syndicalism

Question 49

established a U.S. sphere of influence over the Americas by opposing European imperialism on the continent

Answer 49

Monroe Doctrine

Question 50

a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the United States would "correct" what it saw as wrongdoing in neighboring countries

Answer 50

Roosevelt Corollary