Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are 2 examples of a multi-ethnic empire at the time of WWI?
A
Ottoman Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
2
Q
Who is credited with locking Europe in alliance systems that isolated France?
A
Otto von Bismarck
3
Q
After the alliances in Europe were not renewed by Germany’s Prime Minister’s successors, which country quickly established an alliance with Russia?
A
France
4
Q
Triple Entente in WWI
A
Britain
France
Russia
5
Q
Triple Alliance in WWI
A
Germany
Italy
Austria-Hungary
6
Q
What was a major source of INITIAL tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia?
A
Bosnia and Herzegovina contained many ethnic Serbs
7
Q
After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, what were the conditions of Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia?
A
- Serbia must allow Austria-Hungary to launch an investigation in Serbia
- Serbia had to apologize for the Archduke’s death
- Serbia also had to launch an investigation into the Archduke’s death
8
Q
What happened as a result of the Archduke’s death?
A
- Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
- Serbia refused to allow Austria-Hungary into their investigation
- almost all European countries began to mobilize their armies
9
Q
What were the 2 goals of the German Schlieffen Plan?
A
- send a small force to hold off Russia
- invade France by going north through Belgium and violating their neutrality
10
Q
T/F: The Schlieffen Plan was executed perfectly and ended the war quickly
A
FALSE
11
Q
What battle established the Western Front of WWI?
A
First Battle of the Marne
12
Q
What were the technological innovation used in WWI?
A
- trench warfare
- tanks
- airplanes
13
Q
What technological innovation was not used until WWII?
A
atomic weapons
14
Q
What were the problems with soldiers living in the trenches?
A
- rodents
- bacteria in the water that filled the trenches
- artillery fire
15
Q
What caused the U.S. to enter WWI in 1917?
A
unrestricted submarine warfare in Europe - the sinking of the Lusitania
16
Q
in accordance with trying to open new fronts in WWI, this man encouraged Arab tribes to revolt against Ottoman control in the Middle East
A
T.E. Lawrence
17
Q
The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI. What were the conditions of the Treaty?
A
- Germany was forced to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France
- Germany had to pay huge reparations to the Allies
- France occupied some of the German industrial zone, Ruhr Valley
18
Q
How did WWI affect the colonial empires in the world?
A
the colonial soldiers recognized the irony of their situation after fighting for Western democracy and self-determination
19
Q
Those that came back from the war with horrible physical and psychological deformities were known as:
A
The Lost Generation
20
Q
After WWI, people were willing to give the State huge amounts of power over them in order to ensure their safety and improve their lives. What is another name for this?
A
fascism
21
Q
Who were Nicholas II and Alexandra?
A
the last Tsar and Tsarina of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia
22
Q
In Russia, the Tsar theoretically shared power with a representative assembly. What is this assembly called?
A
The Duma
23
Q
What were the changes happening in Russia in the late 19th century?
A
- rapid growth of the middle class
- extremely rapid industrialization
24
Q
How did Rasputin work his way into the Russian government?
A
he “cured” the Tsar’s son of hemophilia and gained the Imperial family’s trust
25
What did Rasputin do when he gained a position in the Russian government?
- he filled other positions with his inept friends, allies, etc
- he damaged the image of the Imperial family in Russia
26
The Russian Revolution happened in 2 phases: the March Revolution and the Bolshevik (Fall) Revolution. Who initially led the March Revolution?
women
27
What were the effects of the March Revolution?
- Nicholas II was forced to abdicate the throne
- a provisional government under the leadership of Alexander Kerensky came to power
- civil liberties, such as freedom of speech and the press, were established
28
Those in Russia who wanted more revolutionary change and a socialist government formed ____, which were workers' councils. The most influential of these was in St. Petersburg.
soviets
29
Why did Germany help Vladimir Lenin get back into Russia after his exile?
they hoped that he would stir things up in Russia and force them to leave WWI
30
Describe Lenin's spin on traditional Marxism
- had to be started by intellectuals instead of proletariat
| - because they had not suffered long enough
31
how did the Bolsheviks gain control of the St. Petersburg workers' council in fall 1917?
they campaigned on Peace, Land, and Bread
32
during the civil war, the Bolshevik Reds fought the counter-revolutionary Whites, and Lenin began taking control of the means of production and nationalizing the economy. What is another name for this?
communism
33
Lenin's military advisor
Leon Trotsky
34
a strong political ally of Lenin who eventually succeeded him as leader of the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
35
After the civil war, Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed for some capitalist practices in the Soviet Union. Why did Russia need this?
the economy was in shambles, and Lenin knew capitalism could fix it
36
which of these was the "think-tank" and real source of ideas and policy in the Communist Party?
Politburo
37
How was Stalin able to beat Trotsky and become the successor to Lenin?
- Stalin was a member of the Central Committee and Politburo
- Stalin had placed his friends and allies in high-level government positions
38
Leon Trotsky was a proponent of
Permanent Revolution
39
What was Permanent Revolution?
exporting socialism to as many countries as possible
40
Joseph Stalin was a proponent of
"Socialism in One Country"
41
What was "Socialism in One Country"?
fully developing socialism Russia before trying to export it
42
Stalin created this type of society in Russia
totalitarian
43
Why did Stalin want to implement his Five Year Plans?
the NEP had been successful, but the progress had really slowed down
44
What were the objectives of the Five Year Plans?
- triple output of heavy industry
- increase agricultural output by 50%
- double the output of lighter industry
45
What was the name of the class of "wealthy" peasants created by the NEP?
Kulaks
46
What is another name for moving agricultural production to state-owned farms?
collectivization
47
What were the effects of collectivization?
- peasants slaughtered their livestock and burned their farms
- production on the state-owned farms of increasing industry and became the third
48
The Soviet Union achieved the objective of increasing industry and became the third leading industrial power in the world. How did they do this?
- they created large quotas that the workers were forced to fulfill
- forced peasants and proletariat to work all the time
49
What were the features of life in the Soviet Union under Stalin?
- state-sponsored terrorism
- purges of those who spoke out against Stalin
- show trials
50
Who was Stakhanov?
Russian miner who supposedly met 16 times his quota
51
How did Stalin use propaganda in the Soviet Union?
- he used it to enhance the "cult of the hero," of which he was the center
- he used it to target the Eastern Orthodox Church
- he used "comrade" in propaganda to bring the people together
- he used it to celebrate the Soviet Union's success as the world's first socialist country
52
T/F: The Soviet Union featured housing shortages, shortages of basic consumer goods, and the extermination of ethnic minorities and "national deviationists"
True
53
What did Stalin do to the Kulaks?
he completely wiped them out
54
communism is associated with the _____
left
55
Fascism is associated with the ____
right
56
How did the Great Depression contribute to the rise of Fascism?
all these unemployed people were looking for someone to help them
57
in the last days of WWI, Germany became this type of society.
republic; Weimar Republic
58
What was the major problem with the Weimar Republic?
it was too politically divided and unstable
59
in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles at the end of WWI, Germany had to let France and Belgium occupy some of its industrial zone. What was the name of the zone?
Ruhr Valley
60
What happened as a result of French and Belgium occupation of the industrial zone?
- hyperinflation
- the German workers refused to work for the occupying powers
- the German government supported the workers' strike
61
By late November 1923, about how many German marks equaled one American dollar?
4.2 trillion
62
What effect did the hyperinflation have on the middle class?
they were economically devastated and many were forced in to the proletariat
63
What is another name for the German Nazi Party?
National Socialist German Workers' Party
64
What happened at the Munich Beet Hall Putsch in 1923?
the Nazis tried to stage a revolt and overthrow the government
- Coup d'tat
- Weimar Republic
65
Was the Munich Beer Hal Putsch successful?
no
66
Hitler's autobiography/manifesto
Mein Kampf
67
How was Goebbels important for the Nazi Party's success?
in charge of Nazi propaganda
68
What were Hiter's guidelines for lying?
- repeat lies
- appeal to emotions - hatred
- keep the ideas simple so everyone can understand them
69
The Reichstag was the German representative assembly. Why was this assembly unable to get anything done?
the assembly was horribly divided and nobody agreed on anything
70
How did Hitler and the Nazis use the burning of the Reichstag to their advantage?
the blamed the Communists for the fire and passed the Enabling Act
71
Under Hitler and the Nazis, the government invested in:
- infrastructure
- the Autobahn
- military expansion
72
what were the Nuremberg Laws?
anti-Semitic laws that restricted the Jewish population of Germany
73
What happened during the Kristallnacht in 1938?
Germans destroyed numerous Jewish businesses and synagogues
74
What strategy did the Germans use to conquer Poland? (and later most of Europe)?
blitzkrieg
75
Why could the French not stop Germany from taking France?
- they had been beaten so badly in WWI
| - France had lots of internal political and economic instability
76
T/F: Germany occupied all of France
FALSE
77
What was the Vichy regime in southern France?
it was a collaborationist government and followed German policies
78
What was the only major European power not under Nazi control by Fall 1940?
Britain
79
What was the Leftwaffe?
German air force
80
Why were the British able to withstand German attacks and win the Battle of Britain?
- weather patterns prevented the amphibious invasion of Britain
- RAF pilots were extremely skilled
- Winston Churchill was able to create a coalition government and inspire the British people
81
How did the Battle of Britain affect Hitler's plans for WWII?
his failed invasion forced him to turn his focus to the USSR
82
Why did Hitler break the Nazi-Soviet Pact by invading the Soviet Union?
- he had imperial ambitions in the Soviet Union
| - he was fiercely anti-Communism and wanted to eradicate it
83
What were the years for WWII?
1939-1945
84
What were the years for WWI?
1914-1918
85
Who was the ruler of Russia at the time of the Russian Revolution?
Nicolas and Alexandra Romanov
86
What was the Duma?
Russian traditional representative institution
87
Who was the leader of the provisional government after the March Revolution?
Alexander Kerensky
88
Was the provisional government pro-middle class or pro-working class?
Middle Class
89
What were the things the Bolsheviks campaigned on to gain control of the St. Petersburg soviet?
peace, land, and bread
90
What was Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)?
a reversion of capitalism, to jumpstart the economy. eventually going back to Socialism
91
What kind of state/government did Joseph Stalin make in the Soviet Union?
totalitarian state - dictatorship where government controls everything
92
What was Stalin's response to the NEP?
- he ended it bc he hated it bc it was a reversion to capitalism
- replaced it with the Five Year Plans
93
collecting peasants and putting them on huge state-owned farms
collectivization
94
Who was an advocate of "Socialism in One Country"?
Stalin
95
Where do communism and fascism lie on the political spectrum?
communism - extreme left
| fascism - extreme right
96
What did the Enabling Act give to Hitler?
unlimited power for 4 years
97
What is the Autobahn?
German super-highway system
| - gave German's jobs and transportation
98
Who came up with the League of Nations?
Woodrow Wilson
| - U.S. was not a part of it
99
What are the years for WWII?
1939-1945
100
What is the capital of Bosnia?
Serejevo
101
What was the Bismarckian System?
a plan by Otto von Bismarck. He wants Germany to seem like a "peacemaker", so he makes an alliance system. Germany allies with Austria-Hungary, that wants protection from Russia. It later brings in Italy, and then Russia. Germany wants to isolate France and leave Britain alone.
102
What happens after Bismarck's successors do not renew the alliance with Russia?
France allies with Russia. Germany then tries to ally with Britain, but Britain is suspicious of Germany's Navy so Britain allies with France and Russia
103
What kind of war was WWI?
war of attrition
104
Define the Schlieffen Plan
- Germany sends a small force east to slow down Russia
| - sends most of it's troops west to quickly knock out France which violates Belgium neutrality
105
Battle of Verdun
largest and longest battle on the Western Front
106
What happened at the Battle of Gallipoli?
British forces (mostly Australians and New Zealanders) tried to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks but were badly defeated
107
When did the U.S. enter WWI?
1917
108
Why did Russia mobilize early?
Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia
109
How many soldiers had Russia lost by the time of the revolution?
15 million
110
Where did Nicolas II go and why?
to the German front to direct/save military efforts
111
What happens when troops are sent into St. Petersburg?
after 3 days, they swap sides and sympathize with the women that are protesting food shortages
112
What does Nicolas II shut down and what happens after that?
he shuts down the Duma because it wants reforms. So the Middle Class makes the provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky
113
What party do the Bolsheviks belong to?
Socialist
114
Who spearheaded the Bolshevik Revolution?
"professional revolutionists"
115
When does the Civil War in Russia begin?
2 years after Russia is pulled out of WWI
116
Why does the U.S. enter WWI?
sinking of the Lusitania by German U-boats
117
Russian Prime Minister
Stolypin
118
What is a soviet?
council of workers that were formed to help industrial working class (proletariat)
119
Russian chemist who said he could pass acquired characteristics through generations
Lysenko
120
Fascism in Germany was very ______ and ______
nationalized
| racist
121
What did the Nuremberg Laws do to Jews?
- deprived them of rights
- identified them, made some change their names
- forbade marriage/sexual relations between Aryans and Jews
122
What does Lebensraum mean?
living space
123
the building of war supplies
rearmament
124
prime minister of France at the beginning of WWII
Daladier
125
What was it called when Germany annexed Austria?
Anschluss
126
What happens during the Munich meeting in 1938?
Daladier and Chamberlain allow Hitler to move into Sudetenland because the population was mostly German
127
Where does Hitler move into after the Sudetenland?
Czechoslovakia - there is no justification for this
128
What was the Vichy?
a collaborationist regime in southern France led by Petain
129
U.S. was a ______ nation after WWI
creditor
130
Britain's prime minister during WWII that was able to pull things together politically
Winston Churchill
