Final study guide Flashcards
what tool is used to measure length
ruler
what tool is used to measure mass
triple beam balance
what tool is used to measure volume
graduated cylinder
what units are used to measure length
meter
what units are used to measure mass
liter
what units are used to measure volume
gram
what tool is used to measure temperature
thermometer
bottom of a microscope
base
where you look in a microscope
eye peice
what is used to adjust the zoom in on a microscope
objective lenses
what is used to adjust the focus of the microscope
fine/coarse nobs
where is the object being observed placed on a microscope
stage
where do you hold a microscope
arm/base
how do you calculate total magnifcation
eye piece x objective = total magnification
1st step of the scientific method
state the problem
2nd step of the scientific method
form hypothesis
3rd step of the scientific method
test hypothesis
4th step of the scientific method
analyze data
last step of the scientific method
draw conclusion
biology
study of life
botany
study of plants
zoology
study of animals
nutrition
process of obtaining nessisary materials to survive
ingestion
process of taking in
excretion
process of removing waste
digestion
process of breaking down food for energy, fat, etc
circulation
moving materials throughout the body
irritability
the ability to detect the environment and respond
locomotion
movement of place to place
synthesis
to make/build
example of stimulus and response
touching a hot plate and pulling away
reproduction
the ability to produce offspring
metabolism
all chemical activities
homeostasis
balance, keeping everything in order/the same
what is a cell
basic unit of life, building blocks to all living things
what does the nucleus do
directs all activities, contains DNA, nucleolus, boss
cell membrane
allows certain materials in and out of the cell
cytoplasm
cell liquid, protects cell
chloroplast
light changed into chemical energy (photosynthesis)
mitochondrion
sugars broken down by oxygen, energy is released
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
(conveyor belt) transports materials inside the cell
golgi bodies
stacks of membrane covered sacs that package and move proteins out of the cell
what are the top 4 elements found in living things
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
what are the 4 organic compounds
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
carbs
primary source of energy
lipids
store large amounts of energy (long term storage)
proteins
make up the structures of the body
nucleic acids
store info (genetic code) double helix model
what pairs with ATCGGT
TAGCCA
what osmosis
water molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
molecules moving from a high to low concentration of molecules
what does chon stand for
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
what is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O–>C6H12O6+6O2
whats the equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6+6O2–>6O2+H20
what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen to break down glucose
what is mitosis
cell divison
what is the first phase of mitosis
interphase
what is the second phase of mitosis
prophase
what is the third phase of mitosis
metaphase
what is the fourth phase of mitosis
anaphase
what is the fifth phase of mitosis
telophase
what is the sixth phase of mitosis
cytokenisis
what is the watson and crick model
double helix DNA model
what type of cell undergoes mitosis
body cells
how many chromosomes are found in the cells produced in mitosis
46 chromosomes
what is cancer
a disease where cells cannot undergo mitosis
what is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
sexual is with two parents and asexual is with one parent
what is fertilization
the process of which the egg and sperm fuse together
what are the two sex cells
sperm and egg
where are the sperm and egg produced
testes and ovaries
what is a zygote
fertilized egg cell
define haploid
single complete set of chromosomes
define diploid
two complete sets of chromosomes
what is a genes job
determines traits and has instructions for traits
heterozygous/hybrid
carries two different alleles (Bb)
Homozygous/purebred
carries two of the sames alleles (BB)
genotype
types of genes and orgainism has
phenotype
physical trait result from a genotype
who is the father of genetics
gregor mendel
what is a punnet square
examines genes that get passed down one at a time
what is a pedigree
a chart that shows traits within a family
where did charles darwin travel
galapagos islands
why was charles darwins trip so important
he discovered natural selection
what is the theory of natural selection
organisms that have the specialized traits will survive, pass down their traits, and while the the other traits in other organisms die off
what is an example of natural selection (peppered moths)
if a peppered moth lives in a light bark environment, the dark moths will die off and the light moths will thrive
what couldnt darwin explain
mutations/varitions (ransom changes in DNA)
what are vestigal structures
structures that are passed down from ancestors that were more important to our ancestors than us, useless to us
how do we determine the age of a fossil found in a sedimentary rock
the lower the fossil, the older the age
what does the skeletal system do
gives support and structure to the body, muscles attach, providing movement, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorus
what does the digestive system do
food is broken down into molecules small enough for cells to use it
what does the circulatory system do
blood and oxygen are spread through the body , uses veins and arteries
what does the respiratory system do
brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
what does the excretory system do
removes wastes from body including water, carbon dioxide. salts, and urea
what does the nervous system do
CNS- all of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord, PNS- all of the neurons outside the CNS, transports messages throughout the body
what does the reproductive system do
generates offspring
how do the skeletal and circulatory system work together
the skeletal system protects anything internal including the circulatory system ad produces new RBC’s to be transported through the body
what is the orgainization of the human body, cells to systems
cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organism
where is blood produced
bone marrow
what is a hematocrit
a blood test that measures the amount of RBC’s in your blood
what is the job of the small intestine
food is absorbed through the small finger (villi) nutrients is moved from the villi to the bloodstream, pancrease and live release enzymes that enter the small intestine, most digestion occurs here
what is the job of lungs
remove water and carbon dioxide when we exhale (alveolli)
what is the job of kidneys
filter water, salts, and urea from blood, fusion with circulatory
what are gametes
reproductive cells of a plant/animal
what are the females chromosomes
xx
what are the males chromosomes
xy
cerebrum
sensory info, motor control, associative functions
cerebellum
controls balance and coordination
medulla oblongota/brain stem
controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
spinal cord
relay station between brain and body
what does the CNS contain
brain+spinal cord
what does the PNS contain
everything else
what does a food chain show
the flow of energy between several organisms
how are orgainisms within a food web dependant on one another
organisms gain energy by feeding off of other organisms in the ecosystem
how does the energy pyramid represent biomass and energy
shows the available energy at different trophic levels, energy is stored as part of an organisms body
define taxonomy
a method used to identify organisms
what is the 1st level of the modern classifiaction system
kingdom
what is the 2nd level of the modern classification system
phylum
what is the 3rd level of the modern classififcation system
class
what is the 4th level of the modern classification system
order
what is the 5th level of the modern classification system
family
what is the 6th level of the modern classification system
genus
what is the 7th level of the moodern classification system
species
what are the kingdoms
animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archbacteria
what is binomialnomenclature
2 name naming system, 1st name: genus, 2nd name: species
how do you use a dichotomous key
pick a side for each question based on the characteristics of the item
at is a dichotomous key
organizer used to identify organisms by traits
