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NUR 321 > Final: Stress and Coping > Flashcards

Final: Stress and Coping Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

An actual or alleged hazard to the balance of homeostasis

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The state of steady internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions maintained by living systems

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3
Q

Stressors

A

The Force causing the stress

Physical, psychological, or social stimuli that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis

Can range in strength, scope, & duration

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4
Q

Appraisal

A

How a person interprets the impact of the stressor

Personal Evaluation

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5
Q

When does stress occur

A

When an individual considers the event as a threat and the ability to respond to the demands placed on the individual by the event to be overwhelming

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6
Q

Trauma

A

When symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration of the stressor

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7
Q

Eustress

A

-Positive stress
-Within coping ability
-Motivate
-Improve performance

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8
Q

Distress

A

-Negative stress
-Outside of coping ability
-Anxiety/ concern
-decrease performance

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9
Q

Acute stress

A

Stress experienced on a daily basis from minor situations
Ex. Running a few minutes late to work
Ex. Important meeting
Ex. Waking up for exam

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10
Q

Chronic Stress

A

Stress experienced on an ongoing basis (typically >6 months)

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11
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

-Experiences or witnesses a traumatic event and respond with intense fear or helplessness
-Ex. Motor vehicle accident, natural disasters, violence

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12
Q

Who is common to have PTSD

A

-Military Personal
-Veterans
-First Responders
-HCP

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13
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A

-Nightmares
-Flashbacks of event
-Recurrent & intrusive recollection of event
-Emotional detachment
-Anxiety and depression

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14
Q

Secondary Traumatic Stress

A

-The trauma a person experiences from witnessing suffering of others
-A component of compassion fatigue

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14
Q

Symptoms of Secondary traumatic stress

A

-Nightmares
-Anxiety
-Trouble sleeping
-Avoid Interactions

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15
Q

Who is common to have Secondary traumatic stress?

A

HCP and First Responders

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16
Q

Crisis

A

Occurs when coping mechanisms are ineffective and a change must be made
-“Turning point”

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16
Q

Developmental Crisis (aka Maturational Crisis) with Examples

A

-Occurs when person moves through different stages of life
Ex. Stress of gaining independence, Marriage, and Kids

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17
Q

Situational Crisis with Examples

A

External crisis, typically unexpected trauma
Ex. Car Crash, Medical Diagnosis, New Job

18
Q

Adventitious Crisis with Examples

A

Events of disaster
Occurs during a Major disaster, man-made disaster, crimes of violence
Ex. COVID, Wildfires, Tornadoes, 9-11

19
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

-Appraising the event in terms of its personal meaning
-Deciding if an event is beneficial or harmful
-Stress results when a person identifies an event or circumstance as a harm, loss, threat, or challenge

20
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

-Concurrently happens with primary appraisal
-A person considers available resources and coping strategies
-Stress occurs if the demands placed on the person by the event exceed the ability to cope

21
Q

Coping

A

-Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage a stressor
-Coping is unique for everyone
-Can be impacted by goals, beliefs, personal resources, cultural background, age, and types of stress experienced

22
Q

What affects how a person reacts to a stressor?

A
  1. The Appraisal of Stressor
  2. Social Support
  3. Coping strategies
  4. Previous Life experiences
23
Q

Situational Factors

A

Stressors in the workplace or adjusting to a new diagnosis

24
Q

Maturational Factors

A

-Stressors based on life stages
-Ericksons Developmental Theory
Ex. Milestones such as beginning a family and a career, losing parents, seeing children leave home, accepting physical aging

24
Q

Sociocultural Factors

A

Environmental, social, and cultural stressors
Ex. Poverty, Physical Disability, social isolation,

24
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

-A 3-stage reaction to stress (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion)
-Triggered by a physical (direct) or psychological (indirect) event
-Body is trying to return to allostasis (balance)

25
Q

The _______ initiates the General Adaptation Syndrome after encountering a physical demand

A

Pituitary Gland

26
Q

Alarm Stage of GAS

A

-CNS is aroused
-Body defenses are mobilized
-“Fight or Flight”

27
Q

Resistance Stage of GAS

A

-The body stabilizes and responds
-Body is compensating for the changes that occurred during alarm stage
-If stressor isn’t alleviated in this stage will progress to Exhaustion stage

28
Q

Exhaustion Stage of GAS

A

-Continuous stress causes a breakdown of compensatory mechanisms
-Can no longer adapt to the stressor

29
Q

What physiological problems come from the exhaustion stage?

A

-Sleep Problems
-Chronic Hypertension
-Chronic Fatigue
-Autoimmune problems
-Depression

30
Q

The stress response directly influences the

A

immune system
-Increases susceptibility to infection
-High blood pressure
-Diabetes
-Cancer

31
Q

Compassion Fatigue

A

A state of burnout and secondary traumatic stress resulting from physical and mental fatigue and exhaustion

32
Q

When does burnout occur?

A

When perceived demands outweigh perceived resources

33
Q

What are symptoms of compassion fatigue?

A

-Irritability
-Restlessness
-Inability to focus and engage with others

34
Q

Second victim syndrome

A

-When a medical error occurs that inflicts significant harm on a patient and the patients family
-Can sustain complex psychological harm that can lead to detrimental outcomes such as suicide

35
Q

Symptoms of Second victim syndrome

A

-Similar to PTSD
-Nightmares
-Flashbacks of event
-Recurrent & intrusive recollection of event
-Emotional detachment
-Anxiety and depression

36
Q

Assessment of stress and coping

A

-Sensitive topic
-Establish trust nurse-client relationship
-Seen alot in ER
-Assess subjective findings
-Assess objective findings
-Consider the environment
-Use open ended questions

37
Q

Assessment of stress and coping: Subjective

A
  1. Stressors and clients perception of the event
  2. Available situational supports
  3. Methods of coping
  4. Suicidality /homicidal thoughts
38
Q

Assessment of stress and coping: Objective

A
  1. Appearance
  2. Nonverbal Behavior
39
Q

Assessment of stress and coping: Environment

A

-Nonthreatening
-Quiet
-Feels safe
-Comfortable
-Sit at height of pt
-Eye contact
-Time
-No interupptions

40
Q

Planning phase of stress and coping

A

-Set priorities and develop goals together with the client
-State goal in term of client
-Broad Goal to reduce problem or enhance strength
-SMART goals
-One behavior per objective

41
Q

Implementation phase of stress and coping

A

Put it into action
Educate
Interventions
Stress management

42
Q

Evaluation phase of stress and coping

A

-Does the patient believe their stress has been reduced?
-Empower the patient
-Coping with stress takes time

NUR 321 (7 decks)

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