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NUR 321 > Final: Adult Health Promotion Screening > Flashcards

Final: Adult Health Promotion Screening Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of Health Promotion?

A

Heath Education
Health Screening
Disease Prevention

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2
Q

What agency oversees preventative services?

A

USPSTF
United States Preventative Services Task Force

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3
Q

Health screenings are important tools to

A

detect disease at early stages

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4
Q

Health education about screening is

A

Primary Prevention

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5
Q

Actual screening process is

A

Secondary prevention

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6
Q

What are the next steps after detecting the disease in its early stage?

A

-treat disease
-stop the disease from progressing

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7
Q

What is the financial benefit of early detection?

A

Reduce cost of disease management by avoiding costly interventions required at later stages

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8
Q

Some diseases proceed by period of

A

asymptomatic pathogenesis or latency

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9
Q

Individual screening

A
  • 1 person tested
    -Often chosen based on risk factors
    -Sometimes chased based on universal screening
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10
Q

Example of individual screening

A

Mammogram for a young adult with a family history of breast cancer

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11
Q

Group or mass screening

A

target populations selected on basis of increased risk

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12
Q

Example of group or mass screening

A

-Vision test in school children
-Testing for Phenylketonuria (PKU) in neonates

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13
Q

One-test disease specific screening

A

-Single test
-Detects characteristics indicating high risk

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14
Q

Example of one-test disease specific screening

A

-Hemoglobin A1C and diabetes
-Cholesterol levels and hypercholesterolemia

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15
Q

Multiple test screening

A

2 or more test to detect one disease

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16
Q

Example of multiple test screening

A

Tuberculosis screening (Tuberculin skin test, interferon gamma-realase assay blood test, chest x-ray, sputum cultures)

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17
Q

Screening Criteria: Detection

A

-Are there well-documented diagnostic criteria?
-Resources/treatment available to support screening?

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18
Q

Screening Criteria: Diagnostic Criteria

A

-Disease should have early asymptomatic state
-Risk factors: Who should be screened?

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19
Q

Screening Criteria: Screening Measures

A

-Must be safe, cost effective, accurate
-Screening tool must accurately distinguish those with and those without disease

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20
Q

Advantages of screening

A

-Cost effective
-Applied to individual and larger populations
-Some screenings mandated by law
-Can be one test specific or multiple test screening
-creates opportunity for health teaching

21
Q

Example of individual screening

A

Blood pressure check in primary care

22
Q

Example of large population screening

A

Community blood pressure screening fair

23
Q

Disadvantages of screening

A

-Uncertainty in scientific evidence (possibility for error)
-False positives: anxiety, unnecessary interventions
-False negatives: disease is overlooked, missed opportunity for early intervention, false assurance
-Ex. Microcalcification can be false positive which results in invasive breast biopsy

24
Q

Selection of a “screenable” disease Questions to ask

A

-Just because we can, does it mean we should?
-Does its significance warrant its consideration as a community problem?
-Can the disease be detected by screening?
-Can it be treated?
-Tangible and intangible (emotional, financial) costs

No clear answer

25
Q

Screening: Quality of life is

A

subjective, difficult to assess, individualized

26
Q

Epidemiology

A

-Method used to find cause of disease (and outcomes) in populations.
-How different risk factors go together and influence disease

27
Q

Morbidity

A

Amount of Disease or disability from any cause in a population

28
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths in a given population as a result of a specific disease/illness/event

29
Q

Significance

A

Level of priority of disease as public health concern

30
Q

Incidence

A

-Rate of a new population problem and estimate RISK of individual developing disease
-Measures new cases
-Acute
(IN= Incidence New)

31
Q

Prevalence

A

-Proportion of the population WITH disease at any one point in time
-Measures all cases within a set period
-Chronic
(CP= Current Prevelance)

32
Q

Reliability

A

Exact same results every time

33
Q

Inter-observer

A

same results when two persons do test

34
Q

Intra-observer

A

Same person able to reproduce results

35
Q

Validity

A

Measuring what you actually want to measure

36
Q

Test Sensitivity

A

the ability of a test to correctly identify those WITH the disease (true positive rates)

37
Q

Test Specificity

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate)

38
Q

If you do have a disease, you would have a true positive. So you would say that the test has a

A

High level of Sensitivity

39
Q

If you don’t have a disease, you would want a true negative. So you would say that the test has a

A

High level of Specificity

40
Q

Can the test correctly identify if a person has diabetes or not? =

A

Validity

41
Q

Are the guidelines put forth by the USPSTF set?

A

No they can change over time
Ex. Mammography guidelines several times over past decade (false positives)
Ex. PSA no longer recommended: treatment harm> benefits early diagnosis

42
Q

Ethical considerations for Screening?

A

-Request for participation implies a health benefit
-Need to clarify issues: What are cost to patient? (Financial, emotional, physical)
-Controversies of screening results: False positives, false negatives, duty to inform, cutoff point, borderlines cases

43
Q

What is the economic cost dilemma?

A

-Do costs result in improved health?
-Are benefits of screening worth the expenditures required?

Goal: determine optimal use of resources to achieve desired outcome

44
Q

Three approaches to evaluate economic cost?

A
  1. Cost-benefit ratio
  2. Cost effectiveness
  3. Cost efficiency analysis
45
Q

Clinical preventive screenings…

A
  1. Save years of life and help people live better during those years
  2. Save Money
  3. Provide quality care
  4. Reduce death, disability, and disease
46
Q

Who makes up the USPSTF and what do they do?

A

A panel of experts in primary care and prevention who review the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services

47
Q

What is the USPSTF grading recommendations like?

A

ABCDI
A & B is High recommendation
C is moderate recommendation
D is Discouraged
I is Insufficient, poor evidence

48
Q

The nursing role in screening

A

-Development and implementation of screening programs
-Decision maker
-Planner
-Education and counseling
-Follow-up
-Collaborate
-Focus on primary and secondary prevention

NUR 321 (7 decks)

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