Final - Spine Flashcards
How many vertebreas are there
33
How many true vertebrae are there?
24
7 vertical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
what are false vertebraes
fixed by fusion
sacrum and coccyx
vertebrae parts
primary area of weight bearing
resting place for fibrous discs that separate the vertebrae
lamina covers the spinal canal
large hold for spinal nerves
feel spinous process down your back
transverse processes oriented 90 degrees to the spinous process and attachment for back muscles
ant vs pos vertebra
separated by peduncles - ant - vertebral body and intervertebral disc
pos - laminae, tranverse processes, articular processes, and spinous process
zygophyseal jt
facet/z joint
inf articular process and sup articular process from vertebrae below
how many face joints associated with each vertebra
one up one down, angle changes depending on the part of the body for different motions
lumbar allows for flexion and extension - easy to lock if you flex and rotate
c-spine angles downwards for flexion extension and rotation and side bend and interlock with adjacent vertebrae to provide stability
surrounded by cartilage (jt capsule) innervated and capable of producing pain
disc
tough outer layer - annulus fibrosis with mushy moist center - nucleus pulposis which dries up as you get older and compression when you stand make you shorter
vertebral foramen
lamina, vertebral body, pedicles and allows for spinal cord
radicular canal
nerve roots branch off the spinal cord and go through these - made by pedicles, facet jts, laminae, bodies and discs
ant longitudinal lig
long band covering bodies and discs
pos longitudinal lig
cover pos discs and bodies, fibre blends with annulus fibrosis and help support the disc
multifidi
deep core muslce - largest and most powerful extensors - central portion of each to lat portion of two segments above and two below
stabilize the spine/trunk
atrophy if too much erector spinae - dont deadlift with a straight back
quadratus lumborum
rectangular and hikes up the hips on either side - attaches to the illium and lumbar transver processes and the 12th rib
sacroiliac jt
pelvic bones and sacrum - load bearing
strong ligs - sacroilliac and sacrotuberous limit motions but small amplitudes to redistribute forces during movement
atlas
supports cranium
flexion and extension
no vertebral body
wide transverse foramina for vertebral artery
atlanto occipital jt bw sup articulating facets of c1 and occipital condyles =- horizontal, ellipsoid facets for head nodding
axis
rotation
dens
strongest c spine
sequence of prolapsed discs
protrusion, prolapsed, extruded, sequestrated
3 activities with highest forces on back
lift wrong, forward bending with weight, lifting right
thoracic spine
upper 4 like cervical
vertically oriented articular facets and pos directed spinous processes
lower 4 like lumbar with large bodies, robust transverse and spinous proccesses and lat projecting articular facets
middle 4 - vertically oriented articular processes and long slender and inf inclined spinous processes
articular facets for ribs - costal demifacets one on each transverse process
11th and 12th dont have sup costal demifacet
fix someones back
do the opposite thing that they do all the time - sloppy push ups
vertebraes act as
shock absorbers
kyphosis
exaggerated rounding of upper thoracic spine - hunchback/dowager
osteoporosis
degenerative disc disease
spinal fractures, cancer/certain treatments, cogenital deformities or hereditary
increased kyphotic curvature, upper thoracic pain, unable to lie flat, muscle pain, poor or altered postures, SOB/cardic or pulmonary disorders or neurological involvement
exercise, brace, stretches
low back exercise concerns
breathing
flexibility
strengthen/endurance - table, L spine flexion or extension, side plank
posture - pelvic neutral position
if you had a pelvic tilt when you are doing squats
extra load
if people hate sitting
disc problem
lumber progressions
identify problems, pain relieving modalities if needed
- breathing, exercise technique, lower extremity flexibility, stretching, pelvic neutral position
stable body and spine - neutral pelvic, increased difficulty of exercises, neutral pelvic during sport
increase endurance of lumbar muslces
strength
speed power agility
hypermobility instability,
how many foraminas does a certical vertebrae have?
3 - vertebral for spinal cord and 2 transverse for artery, vein and nerve
bifid spinous process
c2-6
atlantoaxial jt
C1-2, articulation between atlas and dens and articular facets - no mmovement
damaged in whiplash
alar lig and tranverse lig
alar lig
dens of c2 to occipital condyle - check lig, stablize dens and injured in MVA/whiplash
transverse lig
stabilize dens
pos wall for dense
across the atlas
prevent ant displacement of atlas
c3-7
smallest
supported by ligamentum nuchae which is a cont of supraspinous lig
short bifid spinous process
c 7 has a large spinous process
vertebral artery
through transverse foramen to foramen magnum
movement of cervical
flexion - 45
extension - 55
rotation - 70
lat flexion - 40
thoracic spine
T1-12
larger and stronger, facets on both sides of the vertebral body to allow for artibulation with heads of ribs
obliquely downard spinous processes
respiratory process
ribs and breathing
elevate with inspiration
depress with exhalation
restriction of thoracic spine
IV discs and attachment by ribs to sternum
lumbar spine
large vertebral body - more weight
large vertebral foramen - more triangular shaped
long and slender transverse process with accessory process
articular process medially and laterally for flexion and extension
short thick spinous process that point pos
movement of lumbar
flexion 70
extension 30
lat flex 35
sacrum
5 supports lumbar fused between 16-18 and complete by 30 pos portion of pelvic cavity lat surfaces form SI jts
coccyx
3-4
muscle attachment
does not participate in body weight support while standing
support when seated
pelvic girdle function - 3
transfer weight from upper to lower
protection for pelvic contents
decrease forces applied to spine/upper body from contact with the ground
pelvic tilt/rotation
orientation
ant - towards the front - tight/short hip flexors (illiacus/psoas) and weak/lengthened hip extensors pull on top of pelvis and lumbar spine to cause forward tilt
pos - weak/lengthened hip flexors and tight hip extensors mainly glute max
