Final Review: Seidler Slides Flashcards
What is the agent & target for glycation?
Agents = Carbonyls, Aldehydes/Ketones Targets = Lys, Arg, Cys
What is the agent & target for oxidation?
Agent = Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl radical, Super oxide anion radical Targets = Cys, Met
What is the agent & target for nitration?
Agent = NO [-ONOO, NO2] Target = Tyr
What is the agent & target for nitrosylation?
Agents = NO [-ONOO, NO2] Targets = Cys
What is the agent & target for sulfhydration?
Agents = H2S-->HS radical (Hydrogen sulfide) Target = Cys
What is the agent & target for succination?
Agent = Fumarate Target = Cys
For O-GlcNacylation, which residues must be modified?
Thr-229
For S-nitrosylation, what residues must be modified?
Cys-152
For N-acetylation, what residues must be modified?
Lys-117, 227, 251
Which components of the ATPase are in the F1 unit?
All the greek letters (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon)
What does the F1 unit do?
Makes the ATP
Which components of the ATPase are in the F0 unit?
All regular letters (A, B, C)
What does the F0 unit do?
Translocates proteins
Which enzyme converts ornithine to citrulline?
Ornithine Transcarbamoylase with the addition of Cabamoyl phosphate
(Done in mitochondrial matrix)
What enzyme converts citrulline to argininosuccinate?
Arginosuccinate Synthetase with addition of Aspartate
cytoplasm
What enzyme converts Argininosuccinate to Arginine?
Argininosuccinate Lyase with release of Fumarate
cytoplasm
What enzyme converts Arginine to Ornithine?
Argininase with addition of H2O
What final components form the urea from the urea cycle?
Arginine + H2O (catalyzed by argininase)
Where does the urea cycle occur?
Liver
What helps transfer nitrogens into the urea cycle?
Aminotransferases
What is sphingosine derived from?
Ser
What is histamine derived from?
His
What is thyroxine derived from?
Tyr
What is epinephrine derived from?
Tyr
What is serotonin derived from?
Trp
What is nicotinamide derived from?
Trp
In heme synthesis, what is the first (of two talked about) genetic mutation that can occur and what is the enzyme that gets mutated?
Acute intermittent porphyria (hepatic disease)
Porphobilinogen deaminase
In heme synthesis, what is the second (of two talked about) genetic mutation that can occur and what is the enzyme that gets mutated?
Congenital erythropoetic prophyria (erythrocite disease)
Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
How do you determine if your patient is suffering from one of the heme synthesis diseases?
They will produce an increased amount of the protein before the reaction where the mutation occurs, and will, therefore, produce a decreased amount of heme
What do GLP-1 and CCK get released in response to?
Bolus of food
Where are GLP-1 and CCK synthesized?
Intestine
What do GLP-1 and CCK do?
Cause release of insulin in pancreas and cause brain to feel increased satiety, therefore decreasing food intake and body weight
What does leptin do?
Acts on the brain to either suppress or increase appetite
Which amino acids are only ketogenic?
Leu, Lys (all others are glucogenic or both glucogenic & ketogenic)
What does an increase in leptin expression equal?
Decrease in food intake
How does an increase in leptin expression cause a decrease in food intake?
Inhibits NPY and AgRP
Stimulates POMC–>MSH
What happens when there is decreased leptin expression?
Stimulates an increase in food intake
How does a decrease in leptin expression cause an increase in food intake?
Inhibits POMC—>MSH
Stimulates NPY & AgRP
What do NPY and AgRP activation cause?
Increased food intake
What do POMC—MSH activation cause?
Decreased food intake
What is the name for complex 5 of the ETC?
ATP synthetase
How many H+ ions are required to make 1 ATP (1 turn in the ATPase)?
4 H+ ions
If the electron donor to the ETC is NADH, which complex does it begin with?
Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase)
If the electron donor for the ETC is FADH2, which complex does it begin with?
Complex 2
What molecule shuttles electrons from complex 1 or 2 to complex 3?
CoQ 10
What molecule transfers electrons from complex 3 to complex 4?
Cytochrome C
How does NH4 negatively affect the brain?
It causes Glu to be translated to Gln, which requires ATP. This depletes the brains ATP source and is detrimental to brain function
After trypsin is activated, how are all other enzymes activated in the duodenum?
Via trypsin
How does bilirubin become more water soluble?
Converted to bilirubin diglucuronide
How is bilirubin carried to the liver?
In the blood via albumin
What converts heme to biliverdin?
RES
What is the fate of bilirubin diglucuronide?
Excreted into bile–>gut–>converted to urobolinogen
What are the 2 fates for urobolinogen?
1) Reabsorbed in blood, taken to kidney, urinated out
2) Converted to stercobilin and excreted in feces (contributes to brown color)
