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Zak, Biochemistry > Final Review: Seidler Slides > Flashcards

Final Review: Seidler Slides Flashcards

0
Q

What is the agent & target for glycation?

A 
Agents = Carbonyls, Aldehydes/Ketones
Targets = Lys, Arg, Cys
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1
Q

What is the agent & target for oxidation?

A 
Agent = Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl radical, Super oxide anion radical
Targets = Cys, Met
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2
Q

What is the agent & target for nitration?

A 
Agent = NO [-ONOO, NO2]
Target = Tyr
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3
Q

What is the agent & target for nitrosylation?

A 
Agents = NO [-ONOO, NO2]
Targets = Cys
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4
Q

What is the agent & target for sulfhydration?

A 
Agents = H2S-->HS radical (Hydrogen sulfide)
Target = Cys
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5
Q

What is the agent & target for succination?

A 
Agent = Fumarate
Target = Cys
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6
Q

For O-GlcNacylation, which residues must be modified?

A

Thr-229

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7
Q

For S-nitrosylation, what residues must be modified?

A

Cys-152

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8
Q

For N-acetylation, what residues must be modified?

A

Lys-117, 227, 251

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9
Q

Which components of the ATPase are in the F1 unit?

A

All the greek letters (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon)

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10
Q

What does the F1 unit do?

A

Makes the ATP

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11
Q

Which components of the ATPase are in the F0 unit?

A

All regular letters (A, B, C)

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12
Q

What does the F0 unit do?

A

Translocates proteins

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13
Q

Which enzyme converts ornithine to citrulline?

A

Ornithine Transcarbamoylase with the addition of Cabamoyl phosphate
(Done in mitochondrial matrix)

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14
Q

What enzyme converts citrulline to argininosuccinate?

A

Arginosuccinate Synthetase with addition of Aspartate

cytoplasm

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15
Q

What enzyme converts Argininosuccinate to Arginine?

A

Argininosuccinate Lyase with release of Fumarate

cytoplasm

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16
Q

What enzyme converts Arginine to Ornithine?

A

Argininase with addition of H2O

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17
Q

What final components form the urea from the urea cycle?

A

Arginine + H2O (catalyzed by argininase)

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18
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur?

A

Liver

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19
Q

What helps transfer nitrogens into the urea cycle?

A

Aminotransferases

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20
Q

What is sphingosine derived from?

A

Ser

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21
Q

What is histamine derived from?

A

His

22
Q

What is thyroxine derived from?

A

Tyr

23
Q

What is epinephrine derived from?

A

Tyr

24
Q

What is serotonin derived from?

A

Trp

25
Q

What is nicotinamide derived from?

A

Trp

26
Q

In heme synthesis, what is the first (of two talked about) genetic mutation that can occur and what is the enzyme that gets mutated?

A

Acute intermittent porphyria (hepatic disease)

Porphobilinogen deaminase

27
Q

In heme synthesis, what is the second (of two talked about) genetic mutation that can occur and what is the enzyme that gets mutated?

A

Congenital erythropoetic prophyria (erythrocite disease)

Uroporphyrinogen III synthase

28
Q

How do you determine if your patient is suffering from one of the heme synthesis diseases?

A

They will produce an increased amount of the protein before the reaction where the mutation occurs, and will, therefore, produce a decreased amount of heme

29
Q

What do GLP-1 and CCK get released in response to?

A

Bolus of food

30
Q

Where are GLP-1 and CCK synthesized?

A

Intestine

31
Q

What do GLP-1 and CCK do?

A

Cause release of insulin in pancreas and cause brain to feel increased satiety, therefore decreasing food intake and body weight

32
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Acts on the brain to either suppress or increase appetite

33
Q

Which amino acids are only ketogenic?

A

Leu, Lys (all others are glucogenic or both glucogenic & ketogenic)

34
Q

What does an increase in leptin expression equal?

A

Decrease in food intake

35
Q

How does an increase in leptin expression cause a decrease in food intake?

A

Inhibits NPY and AgRP

Stimulates POMC–>MSH

36
Q

What happens when there is decreased leptin expression?

A

Stimulates an increase in food intake

37
Q

How does a decrease in leptin expression cause an increase in food intake?

A

Inhibits POMC—>MSH

Stimulates NPY & AgRP

38
Q

What do NPY and AgRP activation cause?

A

Increased food intake

39
Q

What do POMC—MSH activation cause?

A

Decreased food intake

40
Q

What is the name for complex 5 of the ETC?

A

ATP synthetase

41
Q

How many H+ ions are required to make 1 ATP (1 turn in the ATPase)?

A

4 H+ ions

42
Q

If the electron donor to the ETC is NADH, which complex does it begin with?

A

Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase)

43
Q

If the electron donor for the ETC is FADH2, which complex does it begin with?

A

Complex 2

44
Q

What molecule shuttles electrons from complex 1 or 2 to complex 3?

A

CoQ 10

45
Q

What molecule transfers electrons from complex 3 to complex 4?

A

Cytochrome C

46
Q

How does NH4 negatively affect the brain?

A

It causes Glu to be translated to Gln, which requires ATP. This depletes the brains ATP source and is detrimental to brain function

47
Q

After trypsin is activated, how are all other enzymes activated in the duodenum?

A

Via trypsin

48
Q

How does bilirubin become more water soluble?

A

Converted to bilirubin diglucuronide

49
Q

How is bilirubin carried to the liver?

A

In the blood via albumin

50
Q

What converts heme to biliverdin?

A

RES

51
Q

What is the fate of bilirubin diglucuronide?

A

Excreted into bile–>gut–>converted to urobolinogen

52
Q

What are the 2 fates for urobolinogen?

A

1) Reabsorbed in blood, taken to kidney, urinated out

2) Converted to stercobilin and excreted in feces (contributes to brown color)

Zak, Biochemistry (16 decks)

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