Final Review COPY Flashcards
What is the carbon content of mild steel?
Less then. 0 3%
What is steel with the carbon content of less than .03% called
Mild steel
What is the difference between cast-iron and wrought iron?
Cast-iron uses molds
Wrought iron is hammer to impart strength
What distinguishes iron from steel
Carbon content
What is molten iron poured into a mold and allowed to harden
Cast iron
What has a higher carbon content wrought iron or cast-iron?
Cast iron
What is a low carbon iron alloy that is semi-fused with slagging inclusions giving it a grain like wood
Wrought iron
What is iron that has been purified by being repeatedly struck with a hammer?
Wrought iron
What is a mini mill?
A process of steel making in which structural steel is produced from scrap steel in electric furnaces. These are miniature only in comparison to traditional mills and produce most structuralist steel for frames of buildings
What is the general process of steelmaking?
- Molten iron is produced in a blast furnace
- oxygen is introduced, blurting out impurities, changing molten iron to molten steel. Any admixtures are added
- molten steel is cast into molds in preparation for the ruling mill process
- the structural steel shape is made by passing the Bloom’s or slab through heavy rulers a number of times
bessemer method
bessemer method of steelmaking
Open hearth process of steelmaking
Blast furnace
(used for basic oxygen process)
What is the steelmaking process wherein a water cooled Lance is lowered into a container of molten iron and steel scrap, delivering pure oxygen at very high temperature to burn off carbon and other impurities?
Basic oxygen process
Basic oxygen process
Basic oxygen process
What is the steelmaking method used to produce most of steel for buildings and many mills wherein the multi-discharged or tapped by electric current to separate carbon and impurities?
Electric arc furnace method
Electric arc furnace method of steelmaking
Electric arc furnace method of steelmaking
Top — mini mill
bottom — blast furnace and electric arc method
What is the difference between ingot, bloom, and slab?
What is the name for people who build steel buildings?
Ironworkers
Where are steel shapes made with rollers?
Structural mill
What happens in a structural mill
Steel shapes are produced by passing hot blooms the rulers. The continual shapes are cut to length by hot saw, then sent to the cooling bed. They take a final pass through the ruler straightener before final inspection
Steel billets
All structural forces are transmitted through either — or — connections and steel frame construction
Moment or sheer
What type of steelmaking uses a blast furnace?
Basic oxygen process
What is the purpose of the framing plan?
The framing plan calls out the sizes of all the framing members according to designations in the steel handbook
What calls out member designations from the steel handbook?
Example. W 12 X 50
The framing plan
this example, 12 is the depth of the member, 58 is its weight in pounds per linear foot
Who erects steel frames on site?
Raising gang
What’s the purpose of the raising gang?
To erect steel frames on-site
Who is responsible for producing every framing member?
The fabricator
What are the two floors of the frame that are erected at the time in the steel erection process called?
Tiers
What is a heavy steel tool that allows workers to align members for bolting?
Drift pin
What is a drift pin?
Heavy, long tools that have a sharp points that they may pass through the bolt holes of two members to bring them together for bolting
What is a Topping out ceremony
Wasting the top final steel member, usually a beam with a flag or small tree
flange versus Webb
Moment and share connection
How does riveting work?
While hot, rivets are inserted in the holes in the steel member to be joined
a heavy handheld hammer works the end of the rivet until a new head is formed
rivet shrinks as a cools during steel elements together to
Welding joins 2 elements of steel as a — joint
Monolithic
Rivet
Rivet
Rivet
Bolt
Weld
Left – butt weld
right — fillet weld
What is a tension control bolt
Bolt that controls the amount of training by use of a wrench the brakes off the end of the bolt
What is able to control the amount of tension by use of a wrench that breaks off the end of the bolt
Tension control bolt
What type of welding uses a continuously feeding wire and which uses long welding rugs that you slowly feed into a puddle?
Continuous feeding wire — MIG metal inert gas
Long welding rods — TIG tungsten inert gas
How does MIG metal inert Glatt gas welding work?
Uses a continuously feeding wire and electric arc to make the weld
How does TIG tungsten inert gas welding work?
You use long welding rods and slowly feed them into the weld puddle along with an electric arc to make the world
Shop drawing
Who makes the shop drawing?
Steel fabricator
What are the three basic stabilizing types used for Combat lateral forces in the steel frame?
Diagonal bracing, sheer panels, moment connections
What are the three types of steel frame construction?
Type I rigid frame — assumes that beamto-column connections are sufficiently rigid asto remain unchanged geometrically under loading. Moment connections
type II simple frame assumes shear connections only and requires diagonal bracing or shear wall bracing
type III semirigid frame
What type of steel framing has moment connections?
Type I rigid frame
What type of steel frame has sheer connections?
Simple friend
What type of steel framing is this
Simple connection
What type of connections this
Shear ONLY
What kind of steel frame is this?
Rigid connection
What type of connection is this
Moment connection
Which structural shape is this
W section, the workhorse of steel frame construction
Review moment and share diagrams see if important
Review steel joists open web
Fireproofing of steel construction options
- Encasement inconcrete
- enclosure in plaster/lath or gypsum wallboard
- spray on fireproofing
- slab fireproofing (mineral wool) attachment
- intumescent paints
What is historically the artisan glassmaking capital of the world
Murano of Italy
What are the raw materials of glass?
Sand, soda ash, line, alumina, potassium oxide
What kind of glasses made by spinning an iron punty
Crown glass
How is crown glass made?
Spin an iron punty causing the semi-molten glass to expand and become thin enough to cut. The disc of glass is called a crown the distinguishing feature is the mark of the punty at the center of the pane
What is the name of the stick crown glass is spun around?
Punty iron
What kind of glasses made by swinging the punty back and forth to elongate the glass globe?
Cylinder glass
How cylinder glass made?
Made by swinging the punty back and forth to elongate the glass bulb. This created longer pieces of glass, possible the crown process
Crown glass
Cylinder glass
Cylinder glass
Crown glass
Plateglass
What is the name for a sheet of glass floated over a bath of liquid metal wherein heating is carefully controlled creating better surface quality and structural performance
Float glass
How is float glass produced?
A continuous sheet of glass is floated over a bath of liquid metal. Heating is carefully controlled creating better service quality and structural performance (hardness)
Who invented float glass?
The Pilkington brothers in England in the 1950s
Float glass
What are the Pilkington brothers accredited with creating?
Float glass process
Float glass
Float glass
What are the three types of glass for shattering?
Annealed glass, tempered glass, laminated glass
What kind of glass breaks easily producing long sharp splinters?
Annealed glass
How does annealed glass break?
Breaks easily producing while sharp splinters
What kind of glass shatters completely under higher levels of impact energy and few pieces remain in the frame?
Tempered glass
How does tempered glass break?
Shatters completely under higher levels of impact energy and few pieces remain in frame
What kind of glass cracks under pressure tends to remain an integral adhering to the plastic vinyl underlayer
Laminated glass
How does laminated glass break
May crack under pressure tends to remain integral hearing to the plastic vinyl underlayer
Annealed glass
Tempered glass
Laminated glass
Structural glass with pilkington system
Pilkington system
Glass fins and Pilkington system
What kind of glass is on car windshields?
Laminated glass or safety glass
Tempered glass
Laminated glass or safety glass
Electrochromic glass or active or smart glazing
What are the typical elements of glazing used in buildings providing energy performance and durability over time?
IGU insulating glass unit
IGU
What are the two methods of applying low E coatings to float glass?
Sputtering process or soft coating physical vapor deposition — off-line process, done in a vacuum chamber, cannot be tempered in some cases, more delicate services, better optical quality, more expensive
hydrolytic process or hard coating chemical vapor deposition – online process, quick and easy, coding becomes integrated with class rather than on surface, cost-effective
Which method of applying low E coding is done off-line?
Sputtering process or soft coding physical vapor deposition
Which method of applying low E coating to float glass is done on the line
Hydrolytic process or hard coating chemical vapor deposition
Who designed the Crystal Palace?
Sir Joseph Paxton
What did Sir Joseph Paxton create?
Crystal Palace
What is the name for a person who installs glass?
glazier
What is a glazier?
A person who installs glass
What is the name for glass paint tempering to create patterns on float glass?
Frittering
fritted glass
What is printed glass?
Patterned float glass by glass paint and tempering
What is the name of the long kiln in which glass is slowly cooled during the float glass process?
annealing lehr
What is spandrel glass?
Glass it is opaque necessity these panels are located at the edges of floors and curtain wall construction
designed to be opaque in order to help hide features between the floors of a building, including vents, wires, slab ends and mechanical equipment.
What is the name for glass that is opaque or translucent by necessity panels that are located at the edges of floors and curtain wall construction
Spandrel glass
Left – outside glazed
right – inside glazed
Are very tall buildings usually inside or outside glazed?
Inside
Stick curtain wall system
What are the gray shaded panels
This is an off-the-shelf outside glazed system and the light gray panels are spandrel panels
Stick system curtain wall
What system of curtainwall involves assembling the metal components on-site for parish and first installing the infilling glass lights and spandrel panels?
Stick system
How does the stick system assembly of curtainwall work?
Assembling the metal components on site in preparation for installing the infilling glass lights and spandrel panels
What system of curtain wall deploys factory made units that are anchored to the building structure and to one another?
The unit system
How does the unit system of curtainwall work?
Deploys factory made units are anchored to the building structure and one another
Unit system of curtainwall
What is the difference between a curtain and the window wall?
Window walls are built one for the time it is supported by the slabs above and below them in other words window walls are built in the slab edge in comparison curtain walls are structurally independent and don’t require support on every floor they tend to spend multiple stories are both outside slab edge
What type of glass wall is built within the slab edge and one floor at a time?
Window walls
What type of glass wall is structurally independent from the slab and doesn’t require support on every floor usually spanning multiple stories and built outside the slab edge?
Curtain walls
What are the basic functional requirements of the building envelope?
Keep water out, be structurally sound, insulate for
thermal performance, insulate for sound, resist wind forces,
control sun exposure and provide views, provide natural
ventilation if necessary
How are curtainwall supported structurally?
The structural mullions of the curtain wall must safely transfer the loads on the wall back to the building structure this is done by anchoring the mullions to the structural beam/slabs in each floor
What is a curtainwall stack joint
the horizontal joint where units from adjoining floors meet
What is a horizontal joint where the units from adjoining floors meeting in a units curtainwall system?
Stack joint
Stack Joint
What is a rain screen envelopes system
Rain screen is an exterior wall detailing concept where the siding (wall cladding) standsoff from the moisture resistant surface of an air barrier applied to the sheathing to create a capillary break to allow drainage and evaporation.
the screen design also creates a pressure equalization chamber behind the finished cladding
Rain screen
Rain screen
What detail of the wall system is critical to ensure good energy performance in a panel rain screen system
Minimizing the number of anchors that penetrate the insulation layer
What is a section of material with a low thermal conductivity installed between metal components to retard the passage of heat or cold through a window or wall assembly?
Thermal break
What is a thermal break
A section of material with a low thermal conductivity installed between metal components to retard the passage of heat or cold through a window or wall assembly
Thermal break
What happened should the John Hancock buildings glass curtain wall?
Curtainwall failure due to adherence of lead solder to reflective coating and telegraphing of solder fatigue cracking into glass through strong bond of solder to reflective coating
uHow are aluminum curtainwall millions made
A large cylindrical billet of aluminum is heated to a temperature at which the metal flows under pressure but still retains its shape when the pressure is released
the heated billet is placed in the cylinder of a large press where a piston squeezes it under great pressure through a die
the die is a steel plate with a shaped metal orifice that imparts the final profile to the aluminum extrusion
Shapes are produced in long lengths, like steel,
and then cut to specifications.
The two types of roofs
Low slope and steep
What is the minimum slope for a low slope roof
A roof with a slope less than 2: 12 or 17% is usually defined as low sleep
What are the basic low slope roof components
Decking, insulation,moisture-retarding layer, membrane
What are the components of a built-up roof system
Asphalt saturated felt or other fabric, bitumen or pitch
bitumen is a tarry mixture of hydrocarbons such as asphalt and coal tar
What is the built-up roof
The roof membrane which is created by laminating multiple layers of asphalt saturated felt or other fabrics bonded together with the bitumen or pitch (tar)
What size are asphalt shingle roofing tabs
12” x 36” a tap, each tab is slotted to appear as three smaller units
How are asphalt shingle roofing installed
Nailed with roofing nails over vapor retarding layer of fabric building felt or modified bitumen sheet
Asphalt shingle roofing
Asphalt shingle roofing
Built-up roofing
Built-up roofing
Built-up roofing
What locations can the insulation layer be found in in roofing
Below or above the decking, and above or below the membrane
What determines where insulation layer is located
based on separating inside and outside moisture and temperature conditions so as to avoid condensation building assembly.
Determined by climate rainfall traffic or no traffic designed for drainage
What is the impervious sheet of material that keeps water out of the building can be multiple play or single ply
Roof membrane
What should be added to a large deck to allow for expansion and contraction with thermal movement?
Movement joints or area divider joints
What is the purpose of an area divided joint
To separate a large low slope roof area into sections to accommodate thermal movement
What is a drainage system for flat roofs that can’t rely on sloping to naturally move water through gutter system?
Scupper
What is a scupper
A discontinuation in the curbing roof to allow water to spill off the roof into it gutter and downspout
Scupper
Scupper
Building separation joints
Area divider joints
What is the long straight board that runs along the lower edge of the roof
Fascia
What is fascia
The long straight board that runs along the lower edge of the roof
What is the top point of the roof called
Ridgeline
What is a ridge line
Top point of the roof
What is the place were two roof slopes meet
A roof Valley
Valley
What is a rich structure designed to divert water on a roof around the high edge of a large penetration typically a skylight or chimney
Cricket or saddle
What is a cricket in roofing
A ridge structure designed to divert water on the roof around the high side of a large penetration (typically a skylight, equipment curb, or chimney)
Cricket
Parapet
Parapet
What is the difference between a wood shake and shingle
Shingles are thin tapered slabs of sawn wood the green parallels in the face of the shingle, shakes are split from wood rather than sawn their surface is rougher and more textured than wood shingles
Left shake
right shingle
What is a standing seam roof made out of
Metal pans, cleats, rosin paper
Standing seam roof
Standing seam roof
What is terne roof made of
Steel or stainless steel sheets that is coated with an alloy of lead or tin
terne roof
Traffic deck roof on a pedestal system
Traffic deck roof
Traffic deck roof pedestal system
Active or smart glazing electrical chromic glass
Low E coating process
pyrolytic process
on line
hard coating
What type of curtainwall is this
Stick
What type of curtainwall is this
Trick question! This is a window wall not a curtain wall
Curtainwall
Structural mullions of curtainwall
What type of curtainwall is this
Unit
What are the advantages of precast concrete
Control of the manufacturing process
lower cost due to repetitive parts
no on-site formwork to build
faster construction time and ease of assembly compared set casting punk
construction process similar to steel construction the connections are most often made with steel
What is the disadvantage of precast concrete?
Transportation of these elements can raise logistical
issues and can be expensive.
What is the name for the process which reduces the compressive forces in the concrete by increasing the tensile forces in the steel
Prestressed
What are the steps for pre–tensioning of concrete
Stretch the steel pre-stressing strands tightly across the casting bed
concrete is cast around the stretched strands and cured the concrete bonds to the strands
when strands are cut the concrete goes into compression and the beam takes on the camber
What is the process of post tensioning
The concrete is not allowed to bond to the steel strands during curing
after the concrete has cured the strands are tensioned with a hydraulic jack and anchored to the ends of the beam. If the strands are draped as shown here higher structural efficiency is possible than with straight strands
Pre-casting bed with pretension cables
Which of these is not a precast concrete project: habitat housing at Expo 67, parish Art Museum, Richard Medical Center
Parish Art Museum
What is tilt up concrete system
Series of concrete panels tilted up into place to form a building’s exterior wall these panels are created at the worksite using wood forms rebar and concrete
What are the most typical elements of precast concrete
Columns, beams, girders, slabs, and wall panels^
How are connections typically made between precast concrete
With steel, welded
What is the purpose of an embedded plate
To attach concrete structures to steel framework allowing accurate. On-site connections
What is the purpose of the bearing pad
Buffer between separate concrete members to protect and avoid direct concrete concrete connections
What is dry packing
Covering connections with cement grout for fire and corrosion protection
In masonry construction, building two ends/corners of a wall before filling in the bricks is called what?
laying the leads
The darker annual growth rings in a tree are called?
summerwood
In the light wood frame, the fisrt board that is secured to the top of the foundation wall or slab by anchor bolts is called the?
sill plate
where would you find the vent spacer in light wood frame construciton?
BETWEEN THE ROOF RAFTERS
What engineered timber product is allowing wood buildings over 20 stoeriews to be built in accordance with the building codes?
CLT
In traditional mill construction, what structural components are joined by the dogs?
the floor girders
In bearing wall masonryu, where are the quoins located?
corners
cmus are steam curedunder high pressure in a chamber called a
autoclave
In masonry cavity wall construction, where is the insulation layer typically installed?
it depends on the climate
Which of the following is NOT a softwood : loblolly pine, douglas fir, cherry, southern cypress
cherry
which of the following is classified as a hardwood? southern cypress, redwood, douglas fir, black walnut
black wALNUT
what causes checking or cracking in a log?
tangential shrinkage
At waht MC level is light wood framing lumber considered to be adequated seasoned?
MC-19
Where would you find the soffit in a light wood frame house?
at the eave of the roof
Which type of sawing would produce luber with the fewest deformations?
quarter sawing
What construction type is heavy timber?
type 4
what construction type is light wood?
type 5
What construction type is concrete?
1
The CSI developed the masterformat system to organzie what kind of information?
construction materials & components information
At the beginning opf a project, the architect should first consult?
local zoning ordinances
If a buildings column grid measures 2o x 40, which of the following concrete systmes would be most apprpriate: two way flat plate, one way ribbed joist, two way waffle slab
one way ribbed joist
which of the folllowing would allow you to increase the floor area of a building beyind whats allowable by code?
use of automatic sprinkler system
Whcih construction type is most fire resistant
type 1
To use the IBc you match - and -
use groups and construction types
when a project is under construction and contract documents are still in progres, this scheduking method is called
fast track
in sitecast concrete construction, the components that are used to hold the formwork together during the pouring o the concrete are called
form ties
what are the two basic types of foundations?
SHALLOW AND DEEP
tiebacks
post tensioning ram
one way ribbed slab system
strip footing (shallow foundation)
form ties
flying formwork
post-tensioning cables for sitecast concrete
slurry wall construction (permanent excavation sheeting)
What is a low wall at the end of the structure to keep people from falling off
Parapet
