exam 2 Flashcards
What is TRADITIONAL MILL Construction?
Loadbearing masonry walls with interior heavy timber framing for floors and roof.
What type of construction is associated with Loadbearing masonry walls with interior heavy timber framing?
Traditional Mill Construction
What is Wattle and Daub?
A mixture of straw and mud used as in-fill for walls in heavy timber braced frame construction.
A _____ cut is made to the end of girders that sit in pockets in the load-bearing masonry walls.
firecut
What is a firecut?
angled cut made to the end of girders that sit in pockets in the load-bearing masonry walls. so that
in the event of fire, the beam can fall out of its pocket and not damage the masonry.
In Mill construction, where would you find the “dogs”?
At the intersection of floor girders and columns
What is a “pintle cap”?
An iron cup-shaped device that connects column-to-column
through the floor zone
What is this?
pintle cap
Where is a pintle cap located?
At the floor, between beams or girders.
What is Sarah Tabitha Babbitt (1779-1853) credited with inventing?
Circular saw
Who invented the circular saw?
Sarah Tabitha Babbitt
What is Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)?
Layers of dimension lumber that are laid up in alternating directions and glued together to create large slabs (for walls/floors).
What is layers of dimension lumber laid in alternating directions and glued together called?
Cross Laminated Timber
What does CLT stand for?
cross laminated timber
What are “glu-lams”?
Long-spanning structural members made from gluing multiple pieces of lumber under high pressure in the same direction with overlapping joints.
What are long-spanning structural members made from gluing multiple
pieces of lumber under high pressure in the same direction with overlapping joints?
glu-lams
id
cross laminated timber
id
glue laminated timber or glu-lams
How are CLT panels (walls and floors) connected?
With steel plates and long screws
What is LVL stand for?
Laminated Veneer Lumber
What is type 4 construction?
heavy timber
what construction type is heavy timber
type 4
What is the difference between LUMBER and BOARDS?
2x dimension, less than 2x
What are pieces of lumber less than 2 inches in nominal size called?
boards
What is the mathematical relationship between nominal and actual dimensioning?
1 nominal inch=3/4 actual inch
2-6 n”= -.5” actual
8+” n= -3/4” actual
What’s bigger nominal or actual lumber dimensioning?
nominal, which is when lumber is first cut from the log. actual is after sawing, seasoning and surfacing
The nominal dimension of a 2x4
2x4
The ACTUAL dimension of a 2x4
1.5” x 3.5”
id
oriented strand board
id
plywood
id
Medium Density Fiberboard & particle board
Plywood and Oriented Strand Board (OSB) are used for _______-ing (floors/roofs) and
________-ing (walls) in light wood frame construction
decking / sheathing
What is a stringer?
pair of inclined beams used to construct stairs
what is the sloping wood member that supports the treads of a stair
stringer
stair formula
2R+T =24/25 inches
What is the difference between a casement window and an awning window?
casement is hinged on the sides and opens like a door, awning is hinged at top and opens outward.
What type of window is hinged on the sides & opens like a door?
casement
What type of window is s hinged at top and opens outward?
awning
id
casement window
id
awning window
The ___________ Style was popular in the eastern United States in the 19th c. and featured a single wood material used for the roofs and walls of houses.
shingle
what style of home?
shingle
id
vent spacer
What is a vent spacer, and where is it located?
Located between the individual
rafters in the roof, behind the batt insulation, it allows for air to travel from the eaves to be vented at the ridge
What is a “rough opening” dimension in light wood framing?
a dimension that allows added space for doors and windows to be leveled and shimmed in the field
What is a “soffit”?
The undersurface of a horizontal element of a building, especially
the underside of a stair or a roof overhang.
id
soffit vent
id
balloon frame
id
platform frame
balloon frame
What is balloon framing?
a type of light wood framing with horizontal scaffolding support
balloon frame
What is the basic difference between balloon and platform framing?
The main difference between platform and balloon framing is at the floor lines. The balloon wall studs extend from the sill of the first story all the way to the top plate or end rafter of the second story. The platform-framed wall, on the other hand, is independent for each floor
balloon- 1st light wood system. used sawmill-cut boards and mass-produced nails. 2-story vertical boards make up perimeter wall. A ribband or band joist is fastened to the inside of the wall and supports the floor joists
platform- one-story walls constructed on the slab and raised into position. The floor is constructed with joists and decking
What is a wall stud?
vertical repetitive framing member in a building’s wall
#5 on diagram
id
platform framing
*note: multiple studs, framing independent per floor
id
balloon– single stud from bottom to top
What preceded balloon and platform framing, and is classified as heavy
timber?
braced frame
id
Braced heavy timber frame
id
braced heavy timber frame w wattle and daub infill
id
heavy timber braced frame
id
post and beam braced frame
id these
A-girder
b-beams
What is the most widely used method of making bricks today?
stiff mud process
ID
stiff mud process
What is the ingredient in mortar that makes it “workable”?
lime
What does lime contribute to mortar?
smoothness and workability
Bricks are “fired” in a __________ kiln, or a continuous __________kiln
periodic, tunnel
Difference between a periodic and a tunnel kiln
In the periodic kiln, bricks are loaded in, fired, cooled and unloaded.
In the tunnel kiln, bricks are passed continually through –slowly, on rail cars.
True or false. There is a standard brick size the world over
f
CMU’s (concrete masonry units) are __________ cured in an ___________.
steam, autoclave
id
concrete masonry unit
how many bricks tall is a cmu?
3 bricks + mortar high
id
top-brick
bottom-cmu
How are cmus manufactured?
A stiff mix of concrete is vibrated into steel molds, then turned out onto racks so the molds can be
reused
The blocks are then STEAM CURED in a chamber called an AUTOCLAVE, either at atmospheric
pressure or a higher pressure to accelerate the curing.
id
autoclave for making cmus
Running bond masonry walls consist of __________ bricks only
stretcher
id
running bond– all stretchers
What is a stretcher brick?
a brick laid horizontally on its broad surface, with thin edge parallel to wall surface.
id
a-stretcher
b-header
id
a-course (horizontal layer of bricks)
b-bed joint (horizontal joint between bricks)
c-head joint (vertical joint between bricks)
id
a-wythe (vertical layer of bricks)
b-collar joint (joint between wythes of bricks)
id
soldier (brick that stands on end)
id
rowlock (a brick laid on its long edge, with its
end exposed in the face of the wall.)
What is a bond in masonry?
the pattern in which masonry units are
laid to make a wall.
What does “laying the leads” mean?
building the corners of walls first, then filling in
id
laying the leads
What is the role of a steel “shelf angle” in masonry construction?
to either span an
opening, or to support “lifts” of brick on a building façade.
What is the dashed line
Steel lintel or shelf angle
id
steel lintel or shelf angle or steel shelf angle
What is “corbelling”?
a method of spanning openings by cantilevering bricks
id
corbelling
What is “centering”
a temporary structure (typically wood) that supports the bricks
in the construction of true masonry arches
What is a method of spanning openings by cantilevering bricks
corbelling
what is a temporary structure (typically wood) that supports the bricks
in the construction of true masonry arches?
centering
id
wooden centering
What are “quoins” in brick or stone masonry?
corner reinforcing of masonry walls, usually done for decorative effect.
id
quoins (stone corner blocks help stabilize the
masonry walls)
id
quoins
What is a structural bond in brick masonry?
walls built with a combination of stretcher and header bricks.
id
English Bond –alternating stretcher
and header courses
id
Common Bond –header course every
sixth course (aka: American bond)
id
flemish bond-–alternating
header/stretcher in each course
id
monk bond-a Flemish bond but with
two stretchers instead of one between headers.
id
Cell structure of Hardwood Tree
(Slow growing, denser, more interesting
grain)
id
Cell structure of Softwood Tree Cell
(Faster growing, simpler, less interesting grain)
what kind of trees are these examples of? (coniferous) Examples: Loblolly and Ponderosa Pine,
Eastern Hemlock, Douglas Fir, Redwood,
Cypress
softwood
what kind of trees are these examples of? (broadleaf trees)
Examples: Ash, Beech, Cherry, Red and White Oak, Tupelo Gum, Black Walnut
hardwood
Growth rings of a tree alternate between ____wood (lighter) and _____wood
(darker)
spring, summer
(Water is generally more plentiful in spring seasons than in summer. making rings lighter)
What kind of shrinking is greater in a log: tangential or radial?
Tangential, by about double
id
checking due to tangential shrinker
a-crook
b-cup
c-bow
d-twist
what causes different seasoning distortions in dimension lumber?
direct result of their position relative to the growth rings of the tree
id
plainsawing
id
quartersawing
id
Typical sawing of a large log
What kind of sawing produces this grain pattern?
plainsawing
What kind of sawing produces this grain pattern?
quartersawing
What is the MC (moisture content) of framing lumber that is considered “seasoned”?
MC-19 or 19% water retained in the lumber.
id
air seasoning
id
progressive kiln for seasonign
id
compartmental kiln for seasoning
How is plywood made?
Thin veneers are rotary-sliced from the log, than laid up and glued in alternating grain directions, which imparts strength to the panel
How is OSB (oriented strand board) made?
Small shards of wood are cut from the
log, then vibrated on a belt to interlock and overlay, and then glued and pressed under
high pressure.
What light-gauge metal products are indispensable for light wood frame construction?
Connectors: joist and beam hangers, straps, angles, rafter anchors, bases and caps
joist hanger
beam hanger
angle
rafter anchor
post caps
post bases
light wood framing
light wood frame
headsaw
sheathing (vertical surfaces)used to stiffen the light wood frame skeleton
Decking (horizontal and sloping surfaces)
is used to stiffen the light wood frame skeleton
glu-lams
i-joist(Composite member that uses sawn or
structural composite flanges (top and
bottom) and wood structural panel
webs (oriented strand board)), metal bits are joist hangers which connect i-joists to a large beam
light wood frame
eastern or braced frame
platform frame
braced frame
slab on grade
pier and beam
Pier –and – Beam
(concrete)
a-floor joist or trusses rest on the sill plate. Mid-span supports are
sometimes necessary to provide stiffness.
These are called bridging.
b-sill plate (a pressure-treated board is the
first wooden element anchored to the
foundation.
firecut
girder/beam to wall connections in mill construction
column to girder/beam in mill construction
A joist
B floor beam
C girder
