Final Review Flashcards
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
List:
Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominis
Muscles that Move the Arm
List:
Levator Scapulae Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres Major Teres Minor Triceps Brachii
Muscles that Move the Foot
List:
Patella Patellar Tendon Soleus Gastrocnemius Tibia Anterior Tibialis
Muscles that Move the Forearm
List:
Clavicle Brachialis Biceps Brachii, short and long head Coracobrachialis Subscapularis Trapezius Deltoid Medial Border of Scapula
Muscles that Move the Leg
List:
Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps Femoris, long and short heads
Muscles that Move the Thigh
List:
Sartoris Psoas Minor Psoas Major Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius
Muscles that Move the Thigh (cont’d)
List:
Tensor Fasciae Latae Gluteus Minimis Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus Piriformis
Muscles that Move the Foot (cont’d)
List:
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Muscle group associated with the Brachial Plexus
List:
• Scalene muscles
o Posterior
o Medial
o Anterior
Main muscles that plantar flex the foot
List:
• Plantar flex gastrocnemius soleus plantaris flexor digitorum longes tibialis posterior fibularis longus
Main muscles that dorsi flex the foot
List:
• Dorsi flex
tibialis anterior
fibularis tertius
extensor digitorium longus
Smooth Muscle (examples)
o Intestines, stomach, urinary bladder, blood vessels
Striated Muscle (examples)
o Skeletal muscle
Junctions in the blood-brain barrier
Describe:
o Membranes between cells merge and fuse
o Located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers
o Blood-brain barrier
Mineral associated with muscle contraction
Describe:
- Na and K ions generate the muscle impulse (action potential)
- Impulse releases Ca which leads to muscle contraction
Proteins that make up the myofibril
Describe:
- Thin actin filaments
- Myosin protein; heads form crossbars
- Both thick and thin filaments consist of sarcomeres end-to-end
Thin Actin Filaments
Describe:
o Composed of actin protein; associated with troponin and tropomyosin, which prevent crossbridge formation when muscle is not contracting thick myosin filaments
Function of Acetylcholinesterase
Describe:
• (Enzyme) rapidly decomposes ACh remaining in the synapse
Myasthenia Gravis
Symptoms:
- Antibodies attack Acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers (motor end plates) in neuromuscular junctions
- Person may have only 1/3 normal number of ACh receptors
- Leads to widespread muscle weakness and muscle fatigue
Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Describe:
- Supraspinatus muscle
- Infraspinatus muscle
- Teres minor muscle
- Subscapularis muscle
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin:
Insertion:
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower limbs
Insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Trapezius
Origin:
Insertion:
Trapezius
Origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertabrea
Insertion: clavicle, spine, and acromion process of scapula
Biceps
Origin:
Insertion:
Biceps
Origin: coracoid process and tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity of radius
Masseter
Origin:
Insertion:
Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Lateral surface of ramus of mandible
Origin
Define:
• Less moveable end
Insertion
Define:
• More moveable end
Hypertrophy
Define:
• Enlargement of skeletal muscle that is exercised
Atrophy
Define:
• Decline or degeneration of muscle due to underuse or neglect
Slow Twitch
Example:
- Marathon runners
- Contract slowly and take a long time to fatigue making them ideal for high endurance/aerobic exercises, such as walking or running.
Fast Twitch, example
Example:
- Sprinters and weight lifters
- Contract quickly and fatigue quickly, making them ideal for short burst aerobic exercises, such as sprinting, hurdling and jumping
Histology
Define:
• The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals; the study of tissues
Acetylcholine
Define:
• (ACh) is the neurotransmitter stimulus for contraction
Myoneural Junction
Describe:
- A type of synapse
- Also called a myoneural junction
- Site where an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact
- Skeletal muscle fibers contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron
Parts of a Myoneural Junction:
Describe:
o Motor neuron o Motor end plate o Synaptic cleft o Synaptic vesicles o Neurotransmitters
Sarcomere
Describe:
• Basic unit of striated muscle tissue
Sarcoplasm
Describe:
• Cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
Sarcolemma
Describe:
• Cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell
Mediastinum
Describe:
• Mediastinum: region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
Synergists
Describe:
• Muscles that assist agonist / prime mover
Agonist
Describe:
• Muscle that causes an action
Antagonist
Describe:
• Muscles whose contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover
Isotonic
Describe:
• Muscle contracts and changes length; equal force
o Concentric: shortening contraction
o Eccentric: lengthening contraction
Isometric
Describe:
• Muscle contracts but does not change length; change in force
