Chapter One Flashcards
Anatomy (definition)
The study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts; derived from Greed for “a cutting up”
Physiology (definition)
The study of the functions of the human body and its parts; dervied from Greek for “relationship to nature”
Andreas Vesalius (ce 1514- 1564, d age 49) (describe)
Considered the father of Human Anatomy. Authored one of the most influential books on human anatomy, “De humani corporis fabrica (“On the Fabric of the Human Body”).
Structure of organs and parts of the body determines …
… function
Levels of Organization
Organism (describe):
Levels of Organization
Organism (describe):
Composed of organ systems interacting (human)
Levels of Organization
Organ (describe):
Levels of Organization
Organ (describe):
Group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
Levels of Organization
Organ System (describe):
Levels of Organization
Organ System (describe): Group of organs with common function (digestive system)
Levels of Organization
Tissue (describe):
Levels of Organization
Tissue (describe):
Layer or mass of cells with a specific function (adipose tissue)
Levels of Organization
Cell (describe):
Levels of Organization
Cell (describe):
Basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood)
Levels of Organization
Organelle (describe):
Levels of Organization
Organelle (describe):
Functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lyosome)
Levels of Organization
Macromolecule (describe):
Levels of Organization
Macromolecule (describe):
Large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)
Levels of Organization
Molecule (describe):
Levels of Organization
Molecule (describe):
Particles consisting of atoms (water, glucose)
Levels of Organization
Atom (describe):
Levels of Organization
Atom (describe):
Tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles (describe):
Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles (describe): Protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells
Ultrasound (US) (definition)
High-frequency sound waves that provide images of soft internal structures; used to obtain sonogram of fetus in uterus
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (definition)
Magnetic field changes alignment and spin of certain types of atoms; provides high-resolution images of internal structures, such as the brain
Characteristics of Life
List:
Characteristics of Life
List: Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Excretion
Metabolism (definition)
The events inside the body which obtain, release, and utilize energy (all chemical reactions in an organization that support life)
Environmental Factors Required for Life
List:
Environmental Factors Required for Life
List: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure
Homeostasis (definition)
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms (definition):
Self-regulating systems that monitor aspect of the internal environment and correct them as needed
Homeostatic Mechanism
Describe:
Homeostatic Mechanism
Describe:
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
Homeostatic Mechanism
Receptor (definition):
Homeostatic Mechanism
Receptor (definition):
Detects and provides information about the stimuli
Homeostatic Mechanism
Control Center (definition):
Homeostatic Mechanism
Control Center (definition): Decision-maker that maintains the set point
Homeostatic Mechanism
Effector (definition):
Homeostatic Mechanism
Effector (definition):
Muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment
Organization of the Human Body
Main Portions:
Organization of the Human Body
Main Portions:
Axial Portion
Appendicular Portion
Organization of the Human Body
Axial Portion (describe):
Organization of the Human Body
Axial Portion (describe): head, neck, and trunk
Organization of the Human Body
Appendicular Portion (describe):
Organization of the Human Body
Appendicular Portion (describe): Upper and lower limbs
Organization of the Human Body
Major cavities of the axial portion of the body:
Organization of the Human Body
Major cavities of the axial portion of the body: Cranial Cavity Vertebral Canal Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity
Organization of the Human Body
Cranial Cavity (describe):
Organization of the Human Body
Cranial Cavity (describe): Houses brain
Organization of the Human Body
Vertebral Cavity (describe):
Organization of the Human Body
Vertebral Cavity (describe): Contains spinal cord
Organization of the Human Body
Thoracic Cavity (describe):
Organization of the Human Body
Thoracic Cavity (describe): Houses lungs and thoracic viscera
Organization of the Human Body
Abdominopelvic Cavity (describe):
Organization of the Human Body
Abdominopelvic Cavity (describe): Contains abdominal and pelvic viscera
Major Body Cavities
Diaphragm (describe):
Major Body Cavities
Diaphragm (describe):
Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Major Body Cavities
Mediastinum (describe):
Major Body Cavities
Mediastinum (describe):
Region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
Major Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity (describe):
Major Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity (describe):
Cavity contains two portions
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity (define):
Abdominopelvic Cavity (define):
Extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis, and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, most of large intestine
Pelvic Cavity (define):
Pelvic Cavity (define):
Enclosed by pelvic bones, and contians end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Small Cavities of the Head
List:
Small Cavities of the Head
List: Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavity Middle ear cavity
Serous Membranes
Layers:
Serous Membranes
Layers:
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
Serous Membranes
Visceral layer (describe):
Serous Membranes
Visceral layer (describe): Inner layer, which covers the organ
Serous Membranes
Parietal layer (describe):
Serous Membranes
Parietal layer (describe): outer layer, which lines wall cavity
Serous Membranes
Examples:
Serous Membranes
Examples:
Visceral and parietal pleura (around lungs in thorax)
Visceral and parietal pericardium (around heart in thorax)
Visceral and parietal peritoneum (around abdominopelvic organs)
Organ Systems
List:
Organ Systems
List:
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Organ Systems
Integumentary System (describe):
Organ Systems
Integumentary System (describe): Protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of Vitamin D
Organ Systems
Skeletal System (describe):
Organ Systems
Skeletal System (describe): Framework, protection, attachment sites, storage or inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support of movement
Organ Systems
Muscular System (describe):
Organ Systems
Muscular System (describe): Movement, main source of body heat, maintenance of posture
Organ Systems
Nervous and Endocrine System (describe):
Organ Systems
Nervous and Endocrine System (describe):
Integration and coordination of function through nerve impulses or hormones
Organ Systems
Cardiovascular System (describe):
Organ Systems
Cardiovascular System (describe): Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, and wastes
Organ Systems
Lymphatic System (describe):
Organ Systems
Lymphatic System (describe): Transportation of fluids. lymphocyte production, body defense
Organ Systems
Digestive System (describe):
Organ Systems
Digestive System (describe): Receives food, breaks down food, excretes waste
Organ Systems
Respiratory System (describe):
Organ Systems
Respiratory System (describe): Exchange of gasses
Organ Systems
Urinary System (describe):
Organ Systems
Urinary System (describe): Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte and water balance, blood pressure
Organ Systems
Reproductive System (describe):
Organ Systems
Reproductive System (describe): Male and female systems produce and transport sex sales. Female also provides fetal development and childbirth
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position (describe):
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position (describe): Anatomical terms of relative position are based on a person standing in anatomical position
Terms in Relative Position
Superior
Above
Terms in Relative Position
Inferior
Below
Terms in Relative Position
Anterior or Ventral
Toward the front
Terms in Relative Position
Posterior of Dorsal
Toward the back
Terms in Relative Position
Medial
Toward the midline
Terms in Relative Position
Lateral
Away from midline
Terms in Relative Position
Bilateral
Paired structure
Terms in Relative Position
Ipsilateral
Same side
Terms in Relative Position
Contralateral
Opposite sides
Terms in Relative Position
Proximal
Close to point of attachment to trunk
Terms in Relative Position
Distal
Farther from point of attachment to trunk
Terms in Relative Position
Superficial
Close to body surface
Terms in Relative Position
Deep
More internal
