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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter Five > Flashcards

Chapter Five Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues (define)

A

Groups of similar cells with a common function

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2
Q

Histology (define)

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Major Types of Tissues in the Body

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue (describe)

A

Covers organs and body surface
Lines cavities and hollow organs
Makes up glands

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5
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue

A 
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
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6
Q

Simple Squamous (describe)

A

Single layer of thin, flat cells
Substances pass easily through
Thin & delicate, can be damaged. Found in diffusion & filtration sites
Lines air sacs (alveoli) & capillaries; lines blood & lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Simple Cuboidal (describe)

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Secretion and absorption
Lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
Covers ovaries; lines ducts of some glands

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8
Q

Stratified Squamous (describe)

A

Many cell layers; thick protective layer
Outermost cells are flat; deeper cells are cuboidal
New cells form, push older cells toward free surface
Outer layer of skin (keratinized); lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal

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9
Q

Stratified Cuboidal (describe)

A

2-3 layers of cube-shaped cells; more protection than 1 layer
Lines ducts of mammary, sweat and salivary glands, and pancreas

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10
Q

Stratified Columnar (describe)

A

Top layer of elongated cells; cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands

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11
Q

Transitional (uroepithelium) (describe):

A

Many cell layers; cube-shaped and elongated cells
Changes shape with increased tension; stretches
Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

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12
Q

Glandular Epithelium (describe):

A

Composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts, blood or tissue fluids

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13
Q

Types of Glandular Epithelium

A

Endocrine glands

Exocrine glands

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14
Q

Endocrine Glands (describe)

A

Secrete into tissue fluid or blood

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15
Q

Exocrine Glands (describe)

A

Secrete into ducts that open onto surface

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16
Q

Types of Exocrine Glands

A

Unicellular

Multicellular

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17
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell (secretes mucus)

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18
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Composed of many cells

Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.

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19
Q

Types of Glandular Secretion

A

Merocrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Holocrine Glands

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20
Q

Merocrine Glands (describe)

A

Secrete fluid products by exocytosis: salivary & sweat glands, pancreas

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21
Q

Apocrine Glands (describe)

A

Lose small part of cell during secretion: mammary and ceruminous glands

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22
Q

Holocrine Glands (describe)

A

Release entire cells filled with product: sebaceous glands

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23
Q

Types of Intercellular Joints

A

Tight joints
Desmosomes
Gap joints

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24
Q

Tight Joints (describe)

A

Membranes between cells merge and fuse
Located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers
Blood-brain barrier

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25
Q

Desmosomes (describe)

A

Form “spot welds” between cells
Structural reinforcement
Located among outer skin cells

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26
Q

Gap Junctions (describe)

A

Tubular channels between cells
Molecules can move between cells
Located in cardiac muscle cells

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27
Q

Connective Tissue (describe)

A

Most abundant tissue type. Extracellular matrix consists of protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid

Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells; contain matrix between cells

Functions include: bind structures together, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat

28
Q

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages (Histiocytes)
Mast Cells

29
Q

Fibroblasts (describe)

A

Most common fixed cell
Large star-shaped cell
Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix

30
Q

Macrophages (Histiocytes) (describe)

A

Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander
Conduct phagocytosis
Defend against infection

31
Q

Mast Cells (describe)

A

Large, fixed cells
Release heparin to prevent blood clotting
Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response

32
Q

Fibroblasts

Types of fibers in connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

33
Q

Fibroblasts

Collagen Fibers (describe):

A

Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein
Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic
Found in ligaments and tendons

34
Q

Fibroblasts

Elastic Fibers (describe):

A

Composed of elastin protein; branching
Can stretch and return to original shape
Not as strong as collagen fibers
Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages

35
Q

Fibroblasts

Reticular Fibers (describe):

A

Thin, branching fibers of collagen
Form delicate, supporting networks
Found in spleen, liver

36
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

Loose
Dense
Specialized

37
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

38
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic

39
Q

Examples of Specialized Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage
Bone
Blood

40
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue (describe)

A

Forms thin, delicate membranes
Cells are mainly fibroblasts
Gel-like ground substance; collagenous & elastic fibers
In subcutaneous layer; beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells

41
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

Adipose Tissue (describe)

A

Adipocytes store fat
Push their nuclei to one side; crowd out other cell types
Cushions and insulates. Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer); behind eyeballs
Spaces between muscles; around kidneys and heart

42
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

Reticular Tissue (describe)

A

Composed of thin reticular fibers

Supports walls of internal organs; walls of liver, spleen

43
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

Dense Regular (describe)

A

Closely packed collagenous fibers; fine network of elastic fibers
Most cells are fibroblasts
Very strong, withstands pulling
Binds body parts together; tendons, ligaments, dermis
Poor blood supply; slow to heal

44
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

Cartilage (describe)

A

A rigid, specialized connective tissue; support, framework, attachments
Protection of underlying tissue; models for developing bone
Matrix contains collagen in gel-like ground substance
Covered by perichondrium (connective tissue), which provides some nutrients to the cartilage
Lacks blood supply; heals slowly

45
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

46
Q

Fibrocartilage (describe)

A

Very tough, due to many collagenous fibers; shock absorber

Intervertebral discs; pads of knee and pelvic girdle

47
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

Bone (describe)

A

Most rigid connective tissue
Solid matrix, composed of mineral (Ca) salts & collagen
Supports structures; protects vital structures
Produces blood cells
Attachment sites for muscles
Forms skeleton

48
Q

Types of Bone

A

Compact

Spongy

49
Q

Compact Bone (describe)

A

Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers)
Lamellae occur in rings around central canals
Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called osteons
Osteons are cemented together to form compact bone
Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage

50
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

Blood (describe)

A

Cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma
Red blood cells transport gases; white blood cells defend again infection
Platelets help in blood clotting
Transports substances around body

51
Q

Membranes (describe)

A

Membranes are sheets of cells

52
Q

Epithelial Membranes (describe)

A

Composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities

53
Q

Types of Epithelial Membranes

A

Serous
Mucous
Cutaneous

54
Q

Epithelial Membrane

Serous Membranes (describe)

A

Line body cavities that do not open to outside of body (cover organs); inner linings of thorax and abdomen
Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue
Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction

55
Q

Epithelial Membrane

Mucous Membranes (describe)

A

Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body; lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Epithelium + areolar connective tissue
Goblet cells secrete mucus

56
Q

Epithelial Membrane

Cutaneous Membranes (describe)

A

Covers body surface; commonly called skin

Part of integumentary system

57
Q

Epithelial Membrane

Synovial Membrane (describe)

A

Different from epithelial membranes
Composed entirely of connective tissue
Line joint cavities

58
Q

Muscle Tissue (describe)

A

Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers

Contractile; can shorten and thicken

59
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

60
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue (describe)

A

Attached to bones
Striated; voluntary
Multinucleated cells; long cylindrical cells
Stimulated by nerve cells

61
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue (describe)

A

Walls of hollow organs; walls of blood vessels
Spindle-shaped fibers
Non-striated; involuntary

62
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (describe)

A

Only in wall of heart
Branching cells; intercalated discs
Involuntary; striated

63
Q

Nervous Tissue (describe)

A

Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Main cells are neurons

64
Q

Neurons (describe)

A

Specialized for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses (sensory reception, motor control)
Neurons coordinate, integrate, and regulate body functions

65
Q

Neuroglia (describe)

A

Cells that support and nourish neurons

Anatomy & Physiology I (7 decks)

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