Final Review Flashcards
Cellular Organization
only one cell is needed basic structure is the same organisms have diff. levels of organization
Reproduction
all living things reproduce (asexual- one parent or sexual- two parents)
Energy/Metabolism
use energy for maintenance and growth take in and break down materials (chem reactions)
Respond to Environment
make changes in response to a STIMULUS Ex: plants bend toward the sun
Growth and Development
cell enlargement- growth as organisms grow, they change- develop
cell division
orderly formation of new cells (mitosis)
Homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal conditions keeping internal environment stable when external changes Ex: heart rate, humans have a reg. body temp, water balance, respiratory system, blood sugar
hyper/hypo
a lot of/not a lot of
Evolution
organisms may change over time inherited characteristics change and new species may evolve
Heredity
living things are based on a genetic code when it reproduces, the organism passes on its own DNA from one generation to the next
Who was Gregor Mendel?
“Father of Genetics” spent 7 years studying the inheritance of 7 traits in garden pea plants
trait
a physical characteristic (ex: blue eyes or brown eyes)
genes
found on chromosomes code for a particular trait ex: gene for eye color
alelle
different form of a gene (ex: brown allele, blue allele) we inherit 1 allele from each parent, we have 2 alleles for each trait (ex: brown from mom and blue from dad)
dominant trait (B)
indicated by an upper case letter (B= brown eyes, the trait that is expressed)
recessive trait (b)
indicated by a lower case letter (b= blue eyes, the trait that is hidden)
homozygous
2 of the same alleles for the same trait (BB/bb, recessive pure/dominant pure, homozygous dominant/recessive
phenotype
the PHYSICAL description of a trait (tall short, blue-eyed)
genotype
the combination of genes which determines a trait, in some cases a particular phenotype may have o=more than one genotype (BB or BB)
Punnett square
a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
polygenic inheritance
many genes affect a particular trait (ex: eye/skin color, height)
incomplete dominance
heterozygous genotypes have intermediate phenotypes (Ex: white flowers x red flowers= red- RR, pink Rr, or white rr)
codominant
type of inheritance where 2 forms of a trait are shown at the same time, recessive and dominant are both shown, means both alleles are expressed (ex: human blood type, or red x white flowers give spotted flowers)
dihybrid crosses
crosses that involve 2 different traits
multiple alleles
certain genes have 3 or more alleles, however, still only 2 alleles can be present (blood type is determined by multiple alleles)
Blood type
blood group genes, 1 gene, 3 alleles (A, B, O,) and 4 blood types (A, B, O, AB) A, B, are codominant and both are dominant to O each blood cell has specific ANTIGENS on its surface, and the immune system makes antibodies against other blood types if an antigen isn’t present. (EX: type A blood have A antigens on their surface and make ANTIBODIES that attack B blood cells, visa versa for Type B blood)
history of life… less complex to very complex
the origins of the planet Earth began about 3.8 billion years ago
What happens during evolution?
Organisms adapt to the environment they live in Then it changes Organisms then respond to the changes
Malthus
“populations”
Lamark
acquired characteristics (which are passed to offspring)- “use or disuse” ex: giraffes necks
Wallace
encouraged Darwin to publish his work (Origin of Species)
Darwin
Natural selection, survival of the fittest HMS Beagle 5 years, went to the Galapagos Islands
Evidence for evolution
Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures- wings of birds and arms of humans) Embryology
Classification
the grouping of objects or information based on similarities (PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS)
Taxonomy
the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms.
Carolus LINNAEUS
botanist who invented binomial nomenclature
What is binomial nomenclature?
2 part naming system: Genus (closely related organisms) species (describes the organism) names are in Latin
What are the 6 taxons?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (King Philip Came Over From Great spain)
What are the 6 kingdoms of life?
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Archaebacteria
unicellular, cell wall, prokaryotic, chemosynthetic, EXTREME environments
Eubacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotrophs, photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, cell wall of PEPTIDOGLYCAN common bacteria
Protista
Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, variable, can be plant-like (algae), fungus-like (slime molds) or animal-like (amoeba)
Fungi
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, decomposers, cell walls of CHITIN ex: mushrooms, molds, yeast
Plantae
Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll, cell wall of CELLULOSE
Animalia
Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, NO CELL WALLS
What is a virus?
- non-cellular particle made up of either DNA or RNA and a protein coat 2. only function in a living cell 3. they are parasites 4. they are specific to the organism they infect
Structure of a virus
Core: nucleic acid (DNA/ RNA) Protein coat (CAPSID) which surrounds DNA and helps trick the host cell to allow the virus to enter some have an envelope (p&a) which will chem. recognize the cells that they infect
Examples of viruses
Bacteriophage- bacterial virus Influenza virus- animal virus
Treating viruses
Antibiotics will NOT work, they will only kill bacteria, but you can treat the symptoms of a virus since your own antibodies have to ultimately get rid of it
How are viruses are spread?
Physical contact, contaminated food and water, infected (ticks, mosquito…)
Lytic cycle
lyse= to BURST, feel effects 24-48 hours later virus enters cell, makes copies of itself and causes cell to burst 1. attachment 2. injection (injects DNA to host cell, gets mixed in w/ host DNA) 3. Replication (takes over host’s metabolism, replicates viral DNA) 4. Assembly (cell makes new copies of the virus) 5. Cell death: Cell bursts open and releases viruses
Lysogenic cycle
host cell DOESN’T die immediately begins the same as lytic cycle creates a provirus after viral DNA incorporated into host’s DNA, viral DNA remains “dormant” and replicates when the cells replicate (can go for many generations) viral DNA enters the lytic cycle and removes itself from host DNA
