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Biology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Organization

A

only one cell is needed basic structure is the same organisms have diff. levels of organization

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2
Q

Reproduction

A

all living things reproduce (asexual- one parent or sexual- two parents)

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3
Q

Energy/Metabolism

A

use energy for maintenance and growth take in and break down materials (chem reactions)

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4
Q

Respond to Environment

A

make changes in response to a STIMULUS Ex: plants bend toward the sun

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5
Q

Growth and Development

A

cell enlargement- growth as organisms grow, they change- develop

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6
Q

cell division

A

orderly formation of new cells (mitosis)

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal conditions keeping internal environment stable when external changes Ex: heart rate, humans have a reg. body temp, water balance, respiratory system, blood sugar

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8
Q

hyper/hypo

A

a lot of/not a lot of

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9
Q

Evolution

A

organisms may change over time inherited characteristics change and new species may evolve

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10
Q

Heredity

A

living things are based on a genetic code when it reproduces, the organism passes on its own DNA from one generation to the next

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11
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A
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12
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13
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14
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

“Father of Genetics” spent 7 years studying the inheritance of 7 traits in garden pea plants

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15
Q

trait

A

a physical characteristic (ex: blue eyes or brown eyes)

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16
Q

genes

A

found on chromosomes code for a particular trait ex: gene for eye color

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17
Q

alelle

A

different form of a gene (ex: brown allele, blue allele) we inherit 1 allele from each parent, we have 2 alleles for each trait (ex: brown from mom and blue from dad)

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18
Q

dominant trait (B)

A

indicated by an upper case letter (B= brown eyes, the trait that is expressed)

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19
Q

recessive trait (b)

A

indicated by a lower case letter (b= blue eyes, the trait that is hidden)

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20
Q

homozygous

A

2 of the same alleles for the same trait (BB/bb, recessive pure/dominant pure, homozygous dominant/recessive

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21
Q

phenotype

A

the PHYSICAL description of a trait (tall short, blue-eyed)

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22
Q

genotype

A

the combination of genes which determines a trait, in some cases a particular phenotype may have o=more than one genotype (BB or BB)

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23
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

24
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

many genes affect a particular trait (ex: eye/skin color, height)

25
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous genotypes have intermediate phenotypes (Ex: white flowers x red flowers= red- RR, pink Rr, or white rr)

26
Q

codominant

A

type of inheritance where 2 forms of a trait are shown at the same time, recessive and dominant are both shown, means both alleles are expressed (ex: human blood type, or red x white flowers give spotted flowers)

27
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

crosses that involve 2 different traits

28
Q

multiple alleles

A

certain genes have 3 or more alleles, however, still only 2 alleles can be present (blood type is determined by multiple alleles)

29
Q

Blood type

A

blood group genes, 1 gene, 3 alleles (A, B, O,) and 4 blood types (A, B, O, AB) A, B, are codominant and both are dominant to O each blood cell has specific ANTIGENS on its surface, and the immune system makes antibodies against other blood types if an antigen isn’t present. (EX: type A blood have A antigens on their surface and make ANTIBODIES that attack B blood cells, visa versa for Type B blood)

30
Q

history of life… less complex to very complex

A

the origins of the planet Earth began about 3.8 billion years ago

31
Q

What happens during evolution?

A

Organisms adapt to the environment they live in Then it changes Organisms then respond to the changes

32
Q

Malthus

A

“populations”

33
Q

Lamark

A

acquired characteristics (which are passed to offspring)- “use or disuse” ex: giraffes necks

34
Q

Wallace

A

encouraged Darwin to publish his work (Origin of Species)

35
Q

Darwin

A

Natural selection, survival of the fittest HMS Beagle 5 years, went to the Galapagos Islands

36
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures- wings of birds and arms of humans) Embryology

37
Q

Classification

A

the grouping of objects or information based on similarities (PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS)

38
Q

Taxonomy

A

the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms.

39
Q

Carolus LINNAEUS

A

botanist who invented binomial nomenclature

40
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

2 part naming system: Genus (closely related organisms) species (describes the organism) names are in Latin

41
Q

What are the 6 taxons?

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (King Philip Came Over From Great spain)

42
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

43
Q

Archaebacteria

A

unicellular, cell wall, prokaryotic, chemosynthetic, EXTREME environments

44
Q

Eubacteria

A

unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotrophs, photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, cell wall of PEPTIDOGLYCAN common bacteria

45
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, variable, can be plant-like (algae), fungus-like (slime molds) or animal-like (amoeba)

46
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, decomposers, cell walls of CHITIN ex: mushrooms, molds, yeast

47
Q

Plantae

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll, cell wall of CELLULOSE

48
Q

Animalia

A

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, NO CELL WALLS

49
Q

What is a virus?

A
  1. non-cellular particle made up of either DNA or RNA and a protein coat 2. only function in a living cell 3. they are parasites 4. they are specific to the organism they infect
50
Q

Structure of a virus

A

Core: nucleic acid (DNA/ RNA) Protein coat (CAPSID) which surrounds DNA and helps trick the host cell to allow the virus to enter some have an envelope (p&a) which will chem. recognize the cells that they infect

51
Q

Examples of viruses

A

Bacteriophage- bacterial virus Influenza virus- animal virus

52
Q

Treating viruses

A

Antibiotics will NOT work, they will only kill bacteria, but you can treat the symptoms of a virus since your own antibodies have to ultimately get rid of it

53
Q

How are viruses are spread?

A

Physical contact, contaminated food and water, infected (ticks, mosquito…)

54
Q

Lytic cycle

A

lyse= to BURST, feel effects 24-48 hours later virus enters cell, makes copies of itself and causes cell to burst 1. attachment 2. injection (injects DNA to host cell, gets mixed in w/ host DNA) 3. Replication (takes over host’s metabolism, replicates viral DNA) 4. Assembly (cell makes new copies of the virus) 5. Cell death: Cell bursts open and releases viruses

55
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

host cell DOESN’T die immediately begins the same as lytic cycle creates a provirus after viral DNA incorporated into host’s DNA, viral DNA remains “dormant” and replicates when the cells replicate (can go for many generations) viral DNA enters the lytic cycle and removes itself from host DNA

56
Q
A
57
Q
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Biology (11 decks)

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