Final Review Flashcards
What is the prefix for 2?
Bi
What is the anatomical prefix that means cartilage?
Chondro
What prefix means same or equal?
Iso
What prefix means many or much?
Poly
What refers to a structure that is closer to the feet?
Inferior
What refers to a structure that is more in back?
Posterior
What refers to something that is closer to the surface of the body?
Superficial
What refers to the opposite side of the reference point?
Contralateral
What is a raised area on or above a condyle?
Epicondyle
What is a smooth nearly flat articular surface?
Facet
What is a shallow depression or hollow in a bone?
Fossa
What is a round or oval opening through a bone?
Foramen
What is the reference point for rotations of the spine?
Front of the spine
What is a movement along the sagittal plane around a medial/lateral axis that decreases the angle between body parts?
Flexion
Horizontal abduction/adduction happens along which plane/axis?
Transverse/Vertical Axis
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
Synovial, Cartilaginous, and Fibrous
What are the 3 features of a synovial joint?
Capsule, Cartilage, and Cavity
What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?
Saddle, Condyloid, Ball & Socket, Hinge, Plane, and Pivot
What do we call a sheet like tendon?
Aponeurosis
What do we call the area where the tendon inserts into a bone?
Tenoperiosteal Junction
What type of contraction is observed when there is no visible change to the muscles length?
Isometric
What do we call muscles that assist the prime movers?
Synergist
What do we call muscles that oppose the prime movers?
Antagonist
The head of the Talus articulates with the posterior aspect of what bone?
Navicular
What is the medially projecting shelf of bone that protects the Talus?
Sustentaculum Tali
The plantar fascia is anchored at what structure or landmark on the calcaneus?
Medial Calcaneal Tubercle
Which bone is located just proximal to the bases of the 4th and 5th metatarsals?
Cuboid
Where in the foot would we find sesamoid bones? *(Be Specific)
Head of the 1st Metatarsal on the plantar surface?
Inversion and eversion happen along which plane?
Frontal
Which 3 movements comprise pronation of the foot?
Plantar Flexion, Eversion, and Forefoot Abduction
What direction does the head of the fibula move with dorsiflexion?
Posterior and Superior
What type of joint is the talocrural joint? What movements happen there? Where else does dorsiflexion and plantar flexion happen?
-Hinge
-Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion,
-Nowhere *(trick question hehe;)
What actions are restricted by the anterior fibres of the deltoid ligament?
Plantar Flexion and Eversion
What actions are restricted by the anterior talofibular ligament?
Plantar Flexion and Inversion
What type of joint is the subtalar joint? What movements happen there?
Plane, Inversion & Eversion
Talocalcanealnavicular is what type of joint?
Ball and Socket
Which ligament holds up or supports the head of the talus and helps to maintain the medial longitudinal arch?
Spring Ligament also known as Plantarcalcanealnavicular Ligament
What type of joints are the metatarsalphalangeal joints
Condyoloyd
What type of joints are the interphalangeal joints
Hinge
In order of importance what helps to maintain the arches of the foot? (Hint: There are 4 things)
- Shape of interlocking bones (Most Important)
- Ligaments
- Fascia
- Muscles (Least Important)
What is the windlass mechanism of the foot?
Extension of the toes, but mostly the 1st toe that tightens the plantar fascia. It draws the calcaneus forward which elevates the arches making a greater arch, and leaves the foot in a position of supination (plantar flexion/inversion).
Which 3 directions does the head of the femur face?
Medially, Superiorly, and Anteriorly
What do we call the rough ridge with 2 lips running posteriorly down the femur?
Linea Aspera
What is the roughened area of the lateral lip of the Linea Aspera?
Gluteal Tuberosity
What attaches to the gluteal tuberosity?
25% or 1/3 of fibres from Glute Max
What bony landmark is located just superior to the medial epicondyle of the femur?
Adductor Tubercle
What attaches to the adductor tubercle?
Adductor Magnus Posterior Fibres
What is the primary function of popliteus?
*Key to the Knee
Unlocks the Knee by doing medial rotation. When we go into full extension the tibia rotates laterally which locks it (Screw Home Mechanism). Poplitius unlocks it by medially rotating.
What is the common distal attachment of tibialis anterior and peroneus longus?
Base of the 1st Metatarsal and 1st Cuneiform
When palpating from medial to lateral across the anterior ankle which tendons will you find?
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
What do we have surrounding the tendons in the ankle? What holds the tendons back against the ankle?
-Tendon Sheath
-Retinaculum
What is the distal attachment of peroneus brevis?
Tuberosity on the 5th Metatarsal
What is the common action of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Dorsiflexion
When we are considering gastrocnemius and soleus together what are they called?
Triceps Surae
When palpating behind the medial malleolus from anterior to posterior what tendons will we find?
- Tibialis Posterior
- Flexor Digitorum Longus
- Flexor Hallucis Longus
What do we call the space between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus?
Tarsal Tunnel
What is the only muscle in the dorsum of the foot
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
How many layers are in the sole of the foot?
4
What are the actions of the Lumbricals ?
Flexion at the Metatarsalphalangeal Joints and Extension of the PIP’s and DIP’s
What do the Dorsal Interossi do?
DAB (Dorsal Abduction) and PAD (Plantar Adduction) of the 2nd toe
what type of joint is the Tibial Femoral Joint?
Modified Hinge
With extension of the knee which directions do the patella move?
Laterally and Superiorly
What do we call lateral deviation of the distal bones or bones of the joint?
Valgus *(Valgum think “gum” piece of gum stuck between the knees and Varum think “rum” legs will open when you drink rum)
Which ligament would be stressed with Varus deviation?
Medial Collateral Ligament
What does the Medial Collateral Ligament also attach to?
Medial Meniscus
What is the Terrible triad?
- MCL
- ACL
- Medial Meniscus
When will patients report pain when they have damage to the anterior cruciate ligament? *(Hint: It hurts when?)
It hurts when walking up stairs
What secures the menisci onto the tibial plateau?
Coronary Ligament
What do we call the posterior inferior portion of the pelvis?
Ishium
What passes through theGreater Sciatic Foramen? *(Hint: 3 Things)
- Sciatic Nerve
- Piriformis
- Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
What converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen?
Sacrospinous Ligament
What do we call the bump on the illiac crest that the IT band attaches to?
Iliac Tubercle *(Note: Tubercle & Tuberosity can NOT be used interchangeably for this structure as there is both an Iliac Tubercle & Tuberosity)
What do we call the surface of the Ilium that articulates with the sacrum?
Auricular
What do we cal the 2 medial ends of the pubic bone with a disk in between?
Pubic Symphysis *(a.k.a. Symphysis Pubis)
What are the attachment points of the Inguinal Ligament?
ASIS down to Pubic Tubercles
What are the a.k.a’s for the Ligament of the Head of the Femur? *(Hint there are 3)
- Ligamentum Teres
- Round Ligament
- Foveal Ligament:
What do we call the fibrocartilagenous lip that attaches to the bony rim of the acetabulum?
Acetabular Labrum
What is the closed packed position of the hip?
Extension, Internal Rotation, and Abduction
Which Bursa is Inflamed if you have weavers bottom?
Ishiogluteal Bursa
What is the strongest ligaments in the human body?
Sacroiliac Ligaments
What are the distal attachments of the IT Band? *(Hint: there are 2)
- Gerdy’s Tubercle
- Lateral Patella
What is the prime mover for hip flexion?
Iliopsoas/Psoas Major
What is the prime mover for extension of the hip?
Glute Max
What is the prime mover for Abduction?
Glute Med
If Glute Med is weak this can cause what mechanism?
Trendelenburg Gait
What actions are performed by both TFL, Glute Min, and Anterior Fibres of Glute Med? *(Hint: There are 3)
- Internal Rotation
- Abduction
- Flexion
What action is performed by Piriformis when it is flexed greater than 60 degrees?
Medial Rotation
Piriformis is running from the _______________ surface of the _______________ aspect of the sacrum, to the _______________________________.
-anterior
-lateral
-posteromedial greater trochanter
When Standing in anatomical position Piriformis does what movement?
Lateral Rotation
What are actions for Piriformis?
When flexing hip you are taking lateral attachment further away which changes the line of pull. What will draw the Trochanter closer to the Sacrum is when you flex the hip it’s a closer pathway to Abduct than it is to externally rotate because of where it is attached on the Greater Trochanter. When you get beyond a certain range such as 60deg its actually shorter pathway to internally rotate to draw the 2 attachments closer
What is a way to stretch Piriformis?
Figure 4 Position
Which Bursa is inflamed if you have Housemaids Knee?
Subcutaneous Prepatellar Bursa
Which Bursa is inflamed if you have Clergyman’s/Carpetlayers Knee?
Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursa
If the Medial Semimembranosus Bursa is inflamed what is the layman’s term?
Bakers Cyst
What are the 3 Pes Anserine Muscles?
- Gracillis
- Semitendinosis
- Sartorious
If the Medial Semimembranosus Bursa is inflamed what is the medical term?
IT Band Friction Syndrome
What is the only quadricep to cross the hip joint?
Rectus Femoris
What is the function of Vastus Medialis Obliques?
Pulls the Patella Medially
What are all the actions of Sartorious?
*Figure 4 Position
-Flexion (Hip)
-External Rotation (Hip)
-Abduction (Hip)
-Flexion (Knee)
-Medial Rotation (Knee)
What is the shortest of all the adductors?
Pectinous
What is the most medial adductor?
Gracilis
What is the only adductor to cross the knee?
Gracilis *(Also is Darla’s favourite adductor:)
What is the distal attachment of Biceps Femoris?
Fibular Head
What action can Biceps Femoris perform along the transverse plane?
External Rotation
What are the borders of the Femoral Triangle?
-Inguinal Ligament (Superior Border)
-Sartorious (Lateral Border)
-Adductor Longus (Medial Border)
What is the first bone in the body to ossify?
Clavicle
What is the area that tends to fracture first?
Lateral 3rd of Clavicle
What do we call the lateral end of the clavicle sometimes?
Acromion
What do we call the medial end of the clavicle sometimes?
Sternal end
When you are standing in anatomical position with perfect posture and no muscular imbalance where should the scapula reside on the thorax? *(Hint: Between which ribs?)
Ribs 2-7
What is a landmark for rib 2?
Superior Angle
What is a landmark for rib 7 or sometimes 8?
Inferior Angle
What do we call the anterior beak like projection on the scapula?
Coracoid Process
What are 3 muscles that attach to the Coracoid process?
- Coracobrachiallis
- Pec Minor
3.Biceps Brachii (Short Head)
Biceps Brachii (Long Head) goes to the ______________________.
Supraglenoid Tubercle
What do we call the Medial Border of the Scapula
Vertebral Border
What do we call the Lateral Border of the Scapula
Axillary
What do we call the medial end of the spine of the Scapula?
Root
What do we call the gliding motion of the scapula moving towards the spine?
Retraction
What is the reference point for rotations of the scapula?
Glenoid Fossa
What type of joint is the Sternoclavicular Joint?
Saddle
With elevation of the scapula where does the medial end of the clavicle go?
Inferiorly
What type of joint is the Acromioclavicular joint?
Plane
What is another name for the Bicipital Groove?
Intertubercular Groove or Intertubercular Sulcus
What do we call the area where the head of the radius articulates with the Humerus? (What is the landmark on the Humerus?)
Capitulum (articulates with fovea of head of the radius)
Trochlea of Humerus articulates with the ____________________.
Trochlear Fossa/Notch
What is Scaption?
Movement of arm that resides between flexion and abduction. Happens equally between flexion and abduction or you can say happens equally between Sagittal and Frontal/Coronal plane
What do we call the weak spot inferiorly on the Glenohumeral Joint Capsule.
Axillary Recess
What do we call the weak spot Anteriorly on the Glenohumeral Joint Capsule.
Foramen of Weitbrecht
What is scapulo humeral rhythm?
Way the scapula moves in relation to the glenohumeral joint.
Between 0-15 deg of Abduction = No Movement
Between 15-120 deg =Ratio is 2-1 in favour of Humerus
Between 120-180 deg is a 1-1 ratio
What do we have to do when we are abducting for the Coracoacromion to clear the arch?
External Rotation
What action can Upper Trapezius perform along the transverse plane?
Contralateral Rotation
What is the common medial attachment for Middle Trapezius and Rhomboids?
C7-T5 on the SP’s
Which 2 muscles depress the Scapula together?
Lower Trapezius and Pec Minor
What are 2 muscles that can produce downward rotation at the Scapulothoracic Joint?
Levator Scapula and Rhomboids
If you see a patient with a Tipping Scapula what is likely happening?
Tight Pec Minor
If you see a patient with a Winging Scapula what is likely happening?
Weak Serratus Anterior
What action is performed by Subscapularis?
Internal Rotation
What landmark on the Radius is adjacent to the head of the Ulna?
Listers Tubercle
What type of joint is the proximal Radioulnar Joint?
Pivot
What type of joint is the distal Radioulnar Joint?
Pivot
What holds the Radius against the Ulna during pronation and supination?
Annular Ligament
What muscle is the prime mover for elbow flexion when the arm is pronated?
Brachiallis
What muscle is the prime mover for elbow flexion when the arm is supinated?
Biceps Brachii
What muscle is the prime mover for elbow flexion when the arm is in neutral?
Brachioradialis
What Carpal bone is most commonly fractured?
Scaphoid
What Carpal bone is most commonly dislocated?
Lunate
What are the medial attachments for the Flexor Retinaculum?
Hook of Hamate and Pisiform
What are the lateral attachments for the Flexor Retinaculum?
Scaphoid Tubercle and Trapezium Tubercle?
What type of joint is the First Carpal Metacarpal Joint?
Saddle
Bringing the thumb laterally along the coronal plane, what is this movement called?
Extension
Bringing the thumb along the Sagittal plane away from the palm, what is this movement called?
Abduction
What are the 4 muscles present in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm?
- Pronator Teres
- Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Palmaris Longus
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
What is the only muscle present in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm?
Extensor Digitorum Superficialllis
What muscles tendons pass through the Carpal Tunnel? *(Hint: there are 3) AND What nerve travels through those tendons?
Muscle Tendons
1. Flexor Digitorum Profundus
2. Flexor Digitorum Superficiallis
3. Flexor Pollucis Longus
Nerve
1. Median Nerve
Which 3 muscles make up the Wad of 3?
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
What muscle extends the second digit?
Extensor Indicis
What muscles tendon makes up the posterior border of the anatomical snuff box?
Extensor Pollucis Longus
What is the primary function of Intervertebral Disks?
Cushioning Support and Weight Bearing
What do we call the outer layer of the disk?
Annulus Fibrosis
What do we call the inner layer of the disk?
Nucleus Propulsis
What are the primary curves of the Spine?
*Kyphotic Curves
Thoracic and Sacral
What forms the Vertebral Arch? *(Hint: What closes the Vertebral Foramen?)
2 Laminae and 2 Pedicles
What do we call the most common fracture site of a Vertebrae?
Pars Interarticularis
The notches on the pedicles above and below meet to form a ring and thats for the exit of the spinal nerve/nerve roots. What do we call that hole?
Intervertebral Foramen
What is the Transverse Foramen?
Transverse processes of the cervical spine and the vertebral artery passes through it
Whats missing from C1 that you find on most other Vertebrae?
No Vertebral Body and no SP’s
What separates the Dens from the Spinal Cord?
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas
Which SP’s are Bifid?
C2-C6
What do we call C7 because it’s so large?
Vertebral Prominens
What do we call the outward bony projections on the posterolateral rims of the vertebral body of the C-Spine? *(Hint: Which help to prevent lateral translation)
Uncinate Processes
Where the Uncinate Processes meet above and below what do we call those joints?
Uncovertebral joints or Joints of Lushka
What are Uncinate Processes?
They are upward bony projections on the posterolateral rims of the vertebral bodies specific to the C-Spine
What do we call the fused remnants of SP’s on the Sacrum?
Median Sacral Crest
What is the a.k.a. for the body of the sternum?
Gladiolus
What do we call the indentation at the superior portion of the Manubrium?
Jugular Notch
The Sternal Angle or Angle of Louis is a landmark for which Rib?
Rib 2
Which Ribs are True Ribs?
1-7
Which Ribs are Typical Ribs?
2-10
What makes Ribs Typical Ribs?
They have a Head, Neck, Shaft, and Tubercle, They attach to 2 different Vertebrae
Which Vertebral Bodies are Typical?
2-9
Why do Typical Vertebral Bodies attach to 2-9 and NOT 2-10?
Because 10 only has half of 1 for Rib 10 but nothing for Rib 11
What is the Facet orientation in the lumbar Spine?
Sagittal
What is the Facet orientation in the Thoracic Spine?
Frontal/Coronal
What is the Facet orientation in the Cervical Spine?
Oblique/Transverse
What type of joint is the Atlanto-Occipital Joint?
Synovial, Biaxial, Condyloid
What type of joint is the Atlanto-Axial Joint?
Pivot
Which Ligament runs from the Dens to the Anterior Margin of the Foramen Magnum?
Apical Ligament
Which Ligament runs from the Dens to the Lateral Margin of the Foramen Magnum?
Alar Ligament
Which ligament helps to prevent posterior protrusion of the Intervertebral Disks?
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Which ligament helps to return the spine to a normal position after flexion and helps to preserve the normal curves of the spine and runs from Laminae to Laminae from the Sacrum all the way to C1?
Ligamentum Flavum
Which ligament runs along the tips of the SP’s from C7 to the Sacrum?
Supraspinous Ligament
What type of joint is the 1st Chondrosternal Joint?
Cartilaginous
What type of joint is the 2nd-7th Chondrosternal Joint?
Synovial
Which ligaments hold the ends of the Ribs against the Vertebral Bodies?
Radiate Ligaments
Serratus Posterior Superior attaches to which Ribs?
Ribs 2-5
What is the function of Serratus Posterior Inferior?
Draws the Ribs down during exhalation
What action can Splenius Capitus and Splenius Cervicis perform around a vertical axis?
Ipsilateral Rotation
Which of the Erector Spinae attaches onto the Rib Angles?
Iliocostallis
Which of the Erector Spinae is the thinnest column?
Spinalis
What is the largest mass on the posterior Neck?
Semi Spinalis Capitus
What is the only muscle to crossover the posterior Sacrum?
Multifidus
What is deepest in the Laminar Groove?
Rotatores
Which of the Suboccipital muscles attaches to the Dura Matter and is involved in headaches?
Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor
What travels through the Suboccipital Triangle?
Vertebral Artery and Suboccipital Nerve
Which of the Scalenes is the Longest?
Middle Scalenes
Which of the Scalenes attaches to the 2nd Rib?
Posterior
What action can SCM perform along the transverse plane?
Contralateral Rotation
What is the layman’s term for the Thyroid Cartilage?
Adam’s Apple
Which of the Hyoids have 2 bellies connected by an intermediate tendon?
Digastric and Omohyoid
What action can the external obliques perform along the transverse plane?
Contralateral Rotation
What action can the internal obliques perform along the transverse plane?
Ipsilateral Rotation
What do we call the midline strip of Fascia that runs between the Xiphoid Process and the Symphysis Pubis?
Linea Alba
What action can Quadratus Lumborum perform along the Frontal/Coronal Plane if the distal attachment is fixed in place?
Ipsilateral Lateral Flexion
What action can Quadratus Lumborum perform along the Frontal/Coronal Plane if the proximal attachment is fixed in place?
Hip Hike
Where should the dome of the Diaphragm sit during Inspiration?
6th Intercostal Space
Where should the dome of the Diaphragm sit during Exhalation?
4th Intercostal Space
Which nerve and nerve roots innervate the diaphragm?
Nerve Root C3, C4, & C5 they contribute to Phrenic Nerve
During Inspiration when the Ribs are raised and move out laterally what do we call this movement?
Bucket Handle
When the sternum moves anteriorly what is this movement called?
Pump Handle
During Inspiration there is an increase in thoracic ________________ and there is also an increase in abdominal _____________________.
-Volume
-Pressure
Which 2 muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
Coccygeus
Levator Ani
What do we call the dome like superior portion of the cranium?
Calvaria
What do we call the vertical portion of the Mandible?
Ramus
What do we call the horizontal portion of the Mandible?
Body
What do we call the lump in the anterior portion of the chin?
Mental Protuberance
What do we call the roughened area on the inner aspect of the angle of the mandible where the Pterygoid attaches?
Pterygoid Tuberosity
Which bone would you find the inferior and superior Temporal Line?
Parietal Bone?
What are the 3 little bones of the Ear?
- Malleus (Hammer)
- Incus (Anvil)
- Stapes (Stirrup)
Which bone houses the Pituitary Gland in an area called the Sella Turcica?
Sphenoid
What do we call the sockets that house the Maxillary?
Alveolar Processes
What do we call the superior ridge of bone on the Ethmoid that serves as an attachment for the Falx Cerebri?
Crista Galli
What do we call the area on either side of the Crista Galli? *(Hint: it has little holes for the Olfactory Nerves)
*Cribriform Plate
Where Olfactory Nerves travel through those holes
What is known as the Anterior Fontanel in Infancy? *(Hint: Meeting point of the Coronal & Sagittal Sutures)
Soft Spot
What is the weakest part of the Scull?
*Pterion
Part where all Sutures meet around the Temple
Which of the Facial Sinuses is the largest?
Maxillary
What type of joint is the Temporomandibular Joint
Modified Hinge
What is the Primary Action of Temporalis?
Elevation of the Mandible
The Parotid Gland lies directly over which muscle of Mastication?
Masseter
Which muscle of Mastication helps to control movements of the articular disk in the TMJ?
Superior Head of the Lateral Pterygoid
Which muscle of facial expression is responsible for pouting?
Mentalis
Which muscle of facial expression is responsible for Scowling with your eyes?
Corrugator Supercilii
Which muscle of facial expression is responsible for Kissing and Whistling?
orbicularis oris
Which muscle helps you raise your eyebrows when you are surprised?
Occipitofrontalis
Where does the Brachial Plexus exit the Intervertebral Foramen?
C5-T1
Which Muscles in the neck does the Brachial Plexus and the Subclavian Artery travel between?
Anterior Scalenes and Middle Scalenes
Which Nerve is responsible for innervating the lateral 3 1/2 digits on your palm.
Median Nerve
If you have damage to the Median Nerve you may have ______________ where your thumb falls back into line with your fingers and you lose opposition.
Ape Hand Deformity
Which Nerve provides sensation to area called the regimental badge around the Deltoid Tuberosity?
Axillary Nerve
Which nerve innervates all the muscles in the posterior forearm?
Radial Nerve
Which nerve supplies innervation to Biceps Brachiallis and Coracobrachiallis?
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Which nerve gives sensation to your pinky?
Ulnar Nerve
Which 2 nerves are wrapped in the same sheath to become Sciatic Nerve?
Tibial Nerve and Common Peroneal Nerve
Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep Peroneal Nerve
Which nerve supplies sensation to the medial thigh?
Obturator Nerve
What condition could you get/have if you have compression of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve?
Meralgia Maresthetica (Hipsters)
