Class 5 Flashcards
What are the suboccipital muscles?
• 4 small muscles deep to semispinalis capitis
• lay directly over Atlanto-axial joint
• mainly postural, help to move head
• positioned to move upper cervical spine independently of lower cervical spine
• deepest in area
What are the attachments of rectus capitis posterior major?
• inferior attachment: SP of C2
• superior attachment: inferior nuchal line
What are the actions of rectus capitis posterior major?
• action (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral rotation of head
• action (bilateral contraction): extend head on neck
What are the attachments of rectus capitis posterior minor?
• inferior attachment: posterior arch of C1 (posterior tubercle)
• superior attachment: inferior nuchal line
*also attaches to dura mater which may result in headaches by disruption of normal cerebrospinal fluid flow (CSF) & therefore the function of vertebral
artery & suboccipital nerve
What is the action of rectus capitis posterior minor?
• action (bilateral contraction): extend head on neck
What are the attachments of Obliquus capitis inferior?
• inferior attachment: SP of C2
• superior attachment: TVP of C1
What is the action of Obliquus capitis inferior?
• action (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral rotation of head at AA joint
• key muscle for rotation of C1
What are the attachments of Obliquus capitis superior?
• inferior attachment: TVP of C1
• superior attachment: between superior & inferior nuchal lines
What is the action of Obliquus capitis superior?
• action (unilateral contraction): lateral flexion of head on neck
• action (bilateral contraction): extend head on neck
What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
• most lateral 3 suboccipital mm. define triangle
• inferolateral border: obliquus capitis inferior
• superolateral border: obliquus capitis superior
• superomedial border: rectus capitis posterior major
• floor: posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
• roof: semispinalis m.
What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?
• vertebral artery
• suboccipital nerve
What is the looking reflex & what is the clinical application?
The looking reflex: head wants to follow where eyes look.
The clinical application: rolling eyes upward generates a small contraction in suboccipital muscles & rolling them downward will
help them relax.
What are the attachment’s of Pre-vertebral: Rectus capitis anterior?
• inferior attachment: lateral mass of C1
• superior attachment: occiput
What is the action of Pre-vertebral: Rectus capitis anterior?
• action: flexes head on neck
What are the attachment’s of Rectus capitis lateralis?
• inferior attachment: TVP of C1
• superior attachment: occiput
What is the action of Rectus capitis lateralis?
• action: flexes head on neck
• action: laterally flexes head on neck
What are the attachment’s of Longus colli (a.k.a longus cervicis)?
• inferior attachment: body of T3
• superior attachment: anterior tubercle of C1
• additional attachments to bodies & TVPs of cervical spine
What is the action of Longus colli (a.k.a longus cervicis)?
• action: flexion of neck
What are the attachment’s of Longus capitis?
• inferior attachment: TVPs of C3-6
• superior attachment: occiput
What is the action of Longus capitis?
• action: flexion of head AND neck
What are the attachment’s of Lateral Neck muscles:
Anterior scalene?
• superior attachment: anterior tubercles of C3-6 TVPs
• inferior attachment: rib 1 (scalene tubercle)
What are the actions of Lateral Neck muscles:
Anterior scalene?
• action (bilateral contraction): flexion of neck
• action (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck
• action: elevates 1st rib during forced inhalation
• action (unilateral contraction): contralateral rotation of neck (weak)
What are the attachment’s of Lateral Neck muscles:
Middle scalene?
• superior attachment: posterior tubercles of C2-7 TVPs
• inferior attachment: rib 1 (posterior to subclavian artery)
What are the actions of Lateral Neck muscles:
Middle scalene?
• action (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral lateral flexion
• action: elevates 1st rib during forced inhalation
• action (unilateral contraction): contralateral rotation of neck (weak)
What are the attachment’s of Lateral Neck muscles:
Posterior scalene?
• superior attachment: posterior tubercles of C4-6 TVPs
• inferior attachment: rib 2
What are the actions of Lateral Neck muscles:
Posterior scalene?
• action (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral lateral flexion
• action: elevates rib 2 during forced inhalation
What are the attachments of the Lateral Neck muscles: Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?
• superior attachment: mastoid process
• inferior attachment: sternum (sternal head)
• inferior attachment: clavicle (clavicular head)
What are the actions of the Lateral Neck muscles: Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?
• action: contralateral rotation of head and neck
• action: ipsilateral lateral flexion of head & neck
• action: flexion of neck (if the head/neck is in neutral or flexed)
• action: extension of head (if the head is already extended)
• action: assists with inspiration
What is the anterior cervical triangle?
• base: mandible
• lateral border: SCM
• medial border: midsagittal plane of the neck
• contents: muscles, arteries, veins, lymph nodes, viscera
What is the posterior cervical triangle?
• base: clavicle
• anterior border: SCM
• posterior border: trapezius
• floor (superior to inferior):
1. splenius capitis
2. levator scapula
3. posterior scalenes
4. middle scalenes
5. anterior scalenes
6. omohyoid
• contents: blood vessels & nerves
What is the larynx?
• just inferior to where pharynx splits into trachea & esophagus
• voice production
• Adam’s apple – formed by thyroid cartilage
• thyroid gland: anterior to trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage
• trachea: cartilaginous rings
• hyoid bone: anterior neck superior to thyroid cartilage (part of larynx)
What is the Adam’s Apple formed by?
formed by thyroid cartilage
Where is the thyroid gland?
anterior to trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage
What is the trachea?
cartilaginous rings
Where is the hyoid bone?
anterior neck superior to thyroid cartilage (part of larynx)
Where are the Suprahyoids?
• superior to the hyoid bone
• connect the hyoid to the skull
What do Suprahyoids consist of?
• mylohyoid
• geniohyoid
• stylohyoid
• digastric
What are the general actions of the Suprahyoids?
• general action (superior attachments fixed): elevate hyoid bone
• general action (hyoid fixed): assist in depressing (lowering) mandible
What are the attachments of mylohyoid?
• superior attachment: mandible (jaw bone)
• inferior attachment: hyoid bone
What are the attachments of geniohyoid?
• superior attachment: mandible
• inferior attachment: hyoid bone
What are the attachments of stylohyoid?
• superior attachment: styloid process of temporal bone (part of the skull)
• inferior attachment: hyoid bone
What are the attachments of digastric (anterior belly)?
• superior attachment: inferior border of mandible (jaw bone)
• inferior attachment: intermediate tendon to hyoid (via connective tissue loop)
What are the attachments of digastric (posterior belly)?
• superior attachment: mastoid process (medial side)
• inferior attachment: intermediate tendon to hyoid (via connective tissue loop)
What are the Infrahyoids?
• inferior to hyoid bone
• sternohyoid
• sternothyroid
• thyrohyoid
• omohyoid
What is the general action of Infrahyoids?
• general action: depress the hyoid bone
What are the attachments of sternohyoid?
• superior attachment: hyoid bone
• inferior attachment: manubrium
What are the attachments of sternothyroid?
• superior attachment: thyroid cartilage
• inferior attachment: manubrium
What are the attachments of thyrohyoid?
• superior attachment: hyoid bone
• inferior attachment: thyroid cartilage
What are the attachments of omohyoid (superior belly)?
• two bellies connected by an intermediate tendon
• superior attachment: hyoid bone
• inferior attachment: intermediate tendon
What are the attachments of omohyoid (inferior belly)?
• superior attachment: intermediate tendon
• inferior attachment: superior border of scapula near suprascapular notch
