Class 2 Flashcards
Key features of C2 (the axis) (upper cervical spine)
• dens (a.k.a. the odontoid process)
• anterior articular facet
• TVP
• inferior articular facet for C3
• superior articular facet for atlas
• posterior articular facet
• spinous process (bifid)
• C2-C6 SPs are bifid
What passes through the transverse foremen?
Vertebral artery
Key features of (lower cervical spine (C3 - C7))
• SP (bifid from C2-C6)
• C7 SP – vertebra prominens
• lamina
• vertebral foramen
• pedicle
• TVP - anterior and posterior tubercles are connected by small strut of bone to form the TVP
• body
• area for articulation with uncinate process of C4 (next lower vertebra)
• transverse foramen
• inferior articular process and facet
• superior articular process and facet
• groove for spinal nerve (C4 used as an example)
• uncinate process – upward bony projections on the posterolateral rims of the
vertebral body
• upward projections articulate with next higher vertebra
• called the uncovertebral joints (a.k.a. joints of Lushka)
• joints provide stability in cervical spine
• prevent excessive lateral translation
• note on C6 that anterior tubercle is called carotid tubercle
Key features of the lumbar spine
• possess the characteristics of a typical vertebra
• massive vertebral bodies
• the largest vertebra is L5
• SPs are broad, thick, prominent, and horizontal
• landmark: a horizontal line drawn between tops of iliac crests landmarks L4 SP
Key features of sacrum and coccyx
• 5 fused vertebrae and IVDs
• base: top part, the WIDEST part
• apex: pointed inferior edge
• applies to both the sacrum and coccyx
Key features of the sacrum
• lumbosacral articular surface – articulation between L5 and sacrum (with L5-S1 disc in between)
• superior articular processes (with facets)
• ala (pl. alae) – the ‘wings’ of sacrum
• promontory
• anterior & posterior sacral foramina
• apex: bottom part
• pelvic surface is concave, dorsal surface is convex
• sacral canal
• sacral hiatus
• sacral cornu (horn)
• median sacral crest - fused remnants SPs
• lateral sacral crest – fused remnants of TVPs
• auricular surface
• coccyx 4 (varies 3-5) fused vertebrae
What is the lumbosacral joint?
• L5 articulates with S1
• cartilaginous (IVD)
What is the iliolumbar ligament?
• TVPs of L4 and L5 to posterior iliac crest
• key stabilizer of L5
• limits lateral flexion
What is the sacrococcygeal joint?
• apex of sacrum articulates with the base of coccyx
What is sacroiliac (SI) joint?
• auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with auricular surface of ilium
• synovial
• limited gliding and rotational movements are available
What are accessory ligaments to SI joint?
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments are accessory ligaments to the SI joints
Anterior/Posterior Sacroiliac ligaments run from _____________ to ______________.
• ilium to sacrum
Interosseous Sacroiliac ligaments lies _________________ to the __________________.
• lies just anterior (deep) to the posterior SI ligaments
What is symphysis pubis?
• adjacent pubic bones with disc in between
The thorax surrounds and protects _______________________.
heart and lungs and some of the abdominal organs
Bony thorax consists of?
• 12 thoracic vertebrae (and their IVDs)
• 12 pairs of ribs
• sternum
• manubrium
• body aka Gladiolus
• xiphoid process
• all ribs articulate posteriorly with vertebral column and most articulate anteriorly with sternum (directly or indirectly)
Key features of thoracic spine
• normal characteristics of vertebra
• costal demi-facets on the vertebral body
• costal facets on the TVPs
• note SP that points down and back
What is the manubrium?
• jugular (a.k.a. sternal) notch
• on either side of jugular notch is an articular facet (clavicular notch) where manubrium articulates with clavicle
What is the body aka gladiolus?
• manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) (a.k.a. angle of Louis)
• landmark for rib 2
• along side of body are costal notches for articulation of costal cartilage
What is the xiphoid?
• the thin process inferior to the body
What are true ribs?
• ribs 1-7 are called ‘true’ ribs
• Have direct connection with sternum via their own costal cartilage
What are false ribs?
• ribs 8-12 are called ‘false’ ribs
• have an indirect connection with sternum (via 7th ribs costal cartilage)
What are floating ribs?
• 11 and 12 are also called floating ribs because they are unattached anteriorly
Key features of typical ribs?
• ribs 2-10
• ‘typical’ ribs have following characteristics: a head, neck, tubercle and shaft
• Head - 2 facets (superior and inferior) articulate with 2 vertebral bodies
• Neck - between the head and the tubercle
• Tubercle - articular facet (articulates with TVP)
• Shaft
• Rib angle
• Costal groove (for costal nerve)
There are ______ costal demi facets on the vertebral body a _________________ and _________________.
2, superior, inferior
The superior costal demi facet articulates with?
head of the rib of same number (ie. the superior costal demi facet on T4 articulates with rib 4)
The inferior costal demi facet articulates with?
head of the inferior rib
The inferior costal demi facet on T4 articulates with?
rib 5
The transverse costal facet articulates with
the tubercle of the rib of the same number
The transverse costal facet on T4 articulates with
the tubercle of rib 4
Head of rib 5 articulates with vertebral body of_____ at its ____________________ costal demi facet and vertebral body of____ at its___________________ costal demi facet, and articular facet on the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of _____,
T4, inferior, T5, superior, T5
