Class 3 Flashcards
Ribs 1, 11, 12 articulate with only ______________________.
1 vertebral body (the numerically corresponding vertebra)
Atypical ribs (Rib 1) key features
• many structures cross and/or attach to it
• scalene tubercle – where anterior scalene muscle attaches
• grooves for subclavian artery and vein
Atypical ribs (Rib 11&12) key features
• floating ribs
• small facet on the head of the rib
• no neck, no tubercle
What are typical ribs?
• 2-10
• articulates with numerically corresponding vertebral body, IVD and vertebra above
What are typical vertebral bodies?
• 2-9
• has 2 demi facets for articulation with 2 different ribs
• superior demi facet articulates with rib of same number
• inferior demi facet articulates with rib just inferior
What are atypical ribs?
• 1, 11, 12
• not connected to disc
• articulate with numerically corresponding vertebral body only
• 1 does articulate with corresponding TVP, 11 & 12 do not
What are atypical vertebral bodies?
• 1, 10, 11, 12
• T1 has complete superior facet and demi-facet inferiorly
• T10-12 have only one facet surface on each side
Vertebral characteristics for cervical spine
•uncinate processes
•bifid SPs
•transverse foramen
•oblique facet orientation
Vertebral characteristics for thoracic spine
•two costal demi-facets on the body (per side)
•costal facets on TVPs
•SPs that point down
•facet orientation tends to be in frontal/coronal plane
Vertebral characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
•large bodies
•large SPs projecting horizontally
•facet orientation tends to be in sagittal plane
Relationship of scapula and thorax
• superior angle landmarks rib 2
• root of the spine of scapula landmarks rib 3
• inferior angle landmarks rib 7 or 8
The vertebrae from C2-S1 articulate with _____________________________ and ________________________.
one another at joints between their bodies and between their articular processes (with facets)
Key features of intervertebra) joints
• designed for strength and weight bearing
• cartilaginous joints
• adjacent vertebrae are connected by IVDs
Cranialvertebral don’t have ____________.
No IVDs
Key features of Atlanto-Occipital joint?
• superior articular facets on the lateral masses of C1 articulate with the occipital
condyles of the skull
• synovial
• condyloid
Atlanto-Occipital joint available movements
• flexion of head on neck
• extension of head on neck
• lateral flexion of head on neck
Atlanto-Occipital joint ligaments
• Atlanto-occipital membrane
Key features of Atlanto-Axial joint (dens)
• articular facet (for the dens) of C1 articulates with dens (anterior) of C2
• C1 rotates on it
• synovial
• pivot joint
Atlanto-Axial joint (dens) available movements
• rotation
What is the transverse ligament of the atlas?
• holds dens of C2 against anterior arch of C1
What is the cruciate/cruciform ligament
• bands travel from transverse ligament superiorly to occipital bone and inferiorly to body of C2
What are alar ligaments?
• dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum
What is the apical ligament?
• dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum
What is the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
• travels/is anchored to posterior aspect of vertebral bodies and IVDs from sacrum to C2
• checks hyperflexion of spine
• prevents posterior protrusion of IVD
• most superior part is tectorial membrane which attaches onto occiput
What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?
• travels/is anchored to anterior aspect of vertebral bodies and IVDs from sacrum to occiput
• checks hyperextension of spine
• stabilizes intervertebral joints
What are facet joints?
Inferior articular facet of one vertebra articulates with superior articular facet of next inferior vertebra
• synovial
• plane
Orientation of Facet Joints
• cervical facets: oblique (higher anteriorly)
• thoracic facets: more in frontal plane
• lumbar facets: more in sagittal plane
Available movements of facet joints
• flexion
• extension
• rotation (right, left)
• lateral flexion (right, left)
Factors affecting ROM in facet joints
• size and shape of IVDs
• angle of facet joints
• laxity of ligaments/joint capsules
What is the Ligamenta Flava (Ligamentum flavum) (Yellow ligament)?
• lamina to lamina from sacrum up to C1
• helps preserve normal curves
• helps return spine to normal position after flexion
What is the Interspinous ligaments?
• between SPs
• limit flexion
• preventing excessive forward flexion
What is the Supraspinous ligaments?
• posteriorly along tips of SPs from C7 to sacrum
• limits flexion
What is the Ligamentum Nuchae aka Nuchal ligament?
• from C7 to back of skull
• thickening of interspinous/supraspinous ligaments
What is the sternoclavicular joint?
• Only ‘bony’ articulation between upper limb and axial skeleton
• clavicle articulates with manubrium and costal cartilage of 1st rib
• synovial
• saddle
• joint surfaces are separated by fibrocartilagenous articular disc which acts as shock absorber for forces along clavicle
Available movements of sternoclavicular joint?
• elevation/depression
• protraction/retraction
• rotation
What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?
•Costoclavicular ligament
•Interclavicular ligament
•Sternoclavicular ligament
Key features of costoclavicular ligament?
• first rib to sternal end of clavicle
• checks all movements of clavicle except inferior
Key features of the interclavicular ligament?
• connects 2 SC joints across the manubrium
Key features of the sternoclavicular ligament?
• anterior and posterior
What are the joints of the sternum?
• Manubriosternal joint
• Xiphisternal joint
Key features of the Manubriosternal joint
• manubrium articulates with body of sternum
• cartilaginous
• some movement during respiration
Key features of the Manubriosternal joint
• manubrium articulates with body of sternum
• cartilaginous
• some movement during respiration
Key features of the Xiphisternal joint?
• body of sternum articulates with xiphoid process
• cartilaginous
What are the joints of the thorax?
• Chondrosternal joints
• Costochondral joints
• Interchondral joints
• Costovertebral joints
• Costotransverse joints
Key features of chondrosternal joints?
• cartilages of first 7 ribs and costal notches on lateral borders of sternum
• rib 1 and manubrium: cartilaginous
• ribs 2-7: synovial
Ligaments:
• radiate sternocostal ligaments
Key features of costochondral joints
• cartilaginous
• lateral end of each costal cartilage fits into cup-shaped anterior end of its associated rib
• no ligaments – supported/bound together by periosteum
Key features of interchondral joints
• adjacent borders of costal cartilages articulate
• synovial
• supported by interchondral ligaments
Key features of costovertebral joints?
• head of rib articulates with facets on side of vertebral body
• superior facet of head articulates with inferior facet of superior vertebral body
• inferior facet on head articulates with superior facet on vertebral body of same number
• plane
• synovial
Ligaments:
Radiate ligament
• head of rib to 2 vertebral bodies and disc in between
Key features of costotransverse joints
• facet on tubercle of rib articulates with costal facet on associated TVP
• synovial
• plane
Ligaments:
Costotransverse ligaments Superior
• neck of rib to next superior TVP Lateral
• tubercle of rib to associated TVP
Key features of the superficial layer (extrinsic) of back musculature
• connect upper limb to trunk
• trapezius (upper, middle, lower)
• latissimus dorsi
• levator scapula
• rhomboid major (minor)
Key features of the Intermediate layer (intrinsic) of back musculature
• 2 muscles on the posterior thorax
• accessory muscles of respiration
• serratus posterior superior
• serratus posterior inferior
Key features of the Deep muscles (intrinsic) of back musculature
• maintain posture and move spine/head
• 3 layers (superficial, intermediate, deep)
What are the muscles of the Superficial layer (of the deep muscles)?
• splenius capitis
• splenius cervicis
What are the muscles of the Intermediate layer (of the deep muscles)?
• 3 columns of muscles collectively called erector spinae (a.k.a. paraspinals)
• medial to lateral, they are…
(a) spinalis
(b) longissimus
(c) iliocostalis
What are the muscles of the Deep layer (of the deep muscles?
Superomedial fibre direction:
• found in groove between spinous and transverse processes (laminar groove)
• attach from transverse processes to spinous processes (of more superior vertebrae)
• collectively called transversospinalis muscles
• from superficial to deep, they are…
1. semispinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
2. multifidus
3. rotatores
Vertical fibre direction:
1. interspinales
2. intertransversarii
What is the serratus posterior superior muscle?
• Intermediate layer (intrinsic)
• deep to rhomboids (sharing same fibre direction)
• superficial to erector spinae
• medial attachment: SPs of C7-T3
• lateral attachment: superior borders of ribs 2-5
• action: elevates ribs 2-5, during inspiration
What is the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
• Intermediate layer (intrinsic)
• deep to latissimus/thoracolumbar fascia
• superficial to erector spinae
• medial attachment: SPs of T11 – L2
• lateral attachment: lower 4 ribs
• action: draws ribs down and back during forced expiration
What is the splenius capitis muscle?
• Superficial layer (of deep muscles)
• inferior attachment: SPs of C4 – T2
• superior attachment: mastoid process and lateral superior nuchal line
• action: unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation of head and neck
• action: bilateral contraction: extension of head and neck
What is the splenius cervicis muscle?
• Superficial layer (of deep muscles)
• inferior attachment: SPs of T3 – T5
• superior attachment: C1 – C4 TVPs (posterior tubercles)
• action: unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation
• action: bilateral contraction: extension of neck
Ligamenta Flava (Ligamentum flavum) (Yellow ligament) yellowing is caused by ___________________.
Elastin
