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RTE1503 Radiographic Procedures > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Pathologies of hand

A
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2
Q

For pediatrics, what device should be used for chest projections?

What should we do to help with pt dose for peds?

Who can hold the anatomy of a child during x-rays?

A

Pigg-o-stat

short exposure time (decrease it)

parent/guardian

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3
Q

Which decubitus projection is normally used?

A

lateral

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4
Q

What position is used if a patient is unable to stand but there is suspected to be fluid in the left lung?

A

left lateral decubitus

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5
Q

An elbow projection is taken with the posterior surface placed against the IR. The elbow is rotated 20° externally. Which specific projection has been performed?

A

AP oblique w lateral rotation

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6
Q

A specific projection of the foot in which the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface is termed:

A

dorsoplantar

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7
Q

3 functional classifications of joints and what they mean:

A

synarthrosis: immovable
amphiarthrosis: limited movement
diarthrosis: freely movable

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8
Q

3 structural classifications of joints and what they are:

A

synovial: freely movable joints that have a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid

cartilaginous: articulating bones held together by cartilage

fibrous: lack joint cavity

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9
Q

The best position to evaluate the posterior fat pads of the elbow joint is:

A

lateral
flexed 90°

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10
Q

A pediatric patient with a possible radial head fracture is brought into the ER. It’s too painful to extend the elbow beyond 90° or to rotate the hand. What type of special projection could be performed on this patient to confirm the diagnosis without causing further discomfort?

A

Coyle method

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11
Q

What is a Barton fracture and what projection is needed?

A

fracture/dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius

lateromedial wrist

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12
Q

What is a Colles fracture and what projection is needed?

A

transverse fracture of distal radius that is displaced posteriorly

lateromedial wrist

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13
Q

What is a Smith fracture and what projection is needed?

A

opposite of Colles - transverse fracture of distal radius displaced anteriorly

lateromedial wrist/forearm

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14
Q

What is the projection that is used to best view fractures of the scaphoid?

A

AP/PA axial wrist with ulnar deviation

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15
Q

What should be seen on a KUB?

A

kidneys, ureters, and bladder

along with pancreas, margin of liver processes, and lumbar transverse process

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16
Q

How would you correct positioning for PA scaphoid projection when some bones are superimposed?

A

make sure there is no rotation of the wrist and ulnar deviation is used

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17
Q

What does medial rotation of the elbow demonstrate? If anatomy isn’t shown, what way should it rotate?

A

coronoid process of ulna and trochlea

internally

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18
Q

What does lateral rotation of the elbow demonstrate? If anatomy isn’t shown, what way should it rotate?

A

head and neck of radius and capitulum of humerus

externally

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19
Q

For a KUB projection, what is the positioning of IR and CR?

A

center of IR to level of iliac crests w bottom margin at symp. pubis

CR perpendicular and centered to iliac crest (IR)

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20
Q

For an AP erect abdomen projection, what is the positioning of IR and CR?

A

IR centered 2 inches above iliac crest with top of IR at axillary level

CR to center of IR perpendicularly

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21
Q

What does a grid do? When should it be used?

A

catches scatter radiation

when body part is thicker than 10 cm

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22
Q

AP acute flexion - elbow

A

to see distal humerus and proximal forearm

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23
Q

CR to see the distal humerus in the AP acute flexion elbow projection:

A

perp. to humerus, directed midway between epicondyles

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24
Q

CR to see the proximal forearm in the AP acute flexion elbow projection:

A

CR perp to forearm, directed 2 inches proximal/superior to olecranon process

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25
Q

CR, anatomy demonstrated in AP projection of thumb (1st digit)

A

CR: first MCP joint

anatomy demonstrated: distal and proximal phalanges, 1st metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints, IP and MCP joints should appear open

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26
Q

CR, anatomy demonstrated in PA oblique projection of thumb (1st digit)

A

CR: first MCP joint

anatomy demonstrated: distal and proximal phalanges, 1st metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints in a 45° position

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27
Q

Why is the AP projection of the thumb more ideal than the PA?

A

loss in definition due to increased OID

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28
Q

How should the epicondyles be on an AP projection?

A

parallel

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29
Q

How should the epicondyles be on a lateral projection?

A

90° or perpendicular

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30
Q

How should the epicondyles be in a neutral position?

A

45°

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31
Q

what is ileus and what projection(s) best demonstrates it?

A

nonmechanical bowel obstruction (without power or force)

acute abdomen series (KUB, erect abdomen, PA chest)

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32
Q

What is intussusception and what projection(s) best demonstrates it?

A

telescoping of a section of bowel in another loop

acute abdomen series

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33
Q

What is ascites and what projection(s) best demonstrates it?

A

accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity of abdomen

acute abdomen series

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34
Q

dynamic (mechanical) vs adynamic (nonmechanical)

A

dynamic = with power or force
nonmechanical = without power or force

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35
Q

anatomy involved in RUQ:

A

liver, gallbladder, right colic flexure, right kidney

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36
Q

anatomy involved in LUQ:

A

spleen, stomach, left colic flexure, left kidney

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37
Q

anatomy involved in RLQ:

A

ascending colon, appendix, cecum, ileocecal valve

38
Q

anatomy involved in LLQ:

A

descending colon and sigmoid colon

39
Q

male shielding:

A

shields should be placed distally to symphysis pubis covering testes and scrotum

shields tapered slightly at top and wider at bottom

40
Q

female shielding:

A

shields should be placed to cover ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus but may be difficult to achieve

shield 4.5-5 inches prox. (superior) to symphysis pubis

41
Q

breathing instruction for PA chest:

A

one breath in, exhale, another breath in, expose

42
Q

define pneumothorax and when to expose:

A

air in the pleural cavity

expose on expiration

43
Q

What are the patient instructions when performing PA chest on a female with larger breasts?

A

lift breasts up and out and move hands

44
Q

CR for Judet method of pelvis (posterior oblique) to visualize acetabulum and anatomy demonstrated:

A

affected side down: direct 2 inches distal and medial to downside ASIS; visualizes anterior rim of acetabulum and posterior column plus iliac wing

affected side up: directed 2 inches distal to upside ASIS; visualizes posterior rim of acetabulum and anterior column plus obturator foramen

45
Q

CR for Judet method of pelvis (posterior oblique) to visualize pelvic ring and anatomy demonstrated:

A

CR 2 inches inferior from ASIS level and 2 inches medial to upside ASIS

visualizes ilioischial and iliopoubic columns

46
Q

AP axial inlet projection CR and anatomy demonstrated:

A

CR 40° caudad

demonstrates pelvic ring/inlet

47
Q

AP axial outlet (Taylor method) projection CR and anatomy demonstrated:

A

CR - males: 20-35° cephalad
females: 30-45° cephalad

demonstrates rami of pubis and ramus of ischium

48
Q

If ribs on the radiograph appear greater than 2 cm, what should you do?

A

repeat it

49
Q

PACS and what it is

A

picture archiving communication system

array of hardware and software that can connect all modalities with digital output (digital archive)

50
Q

RIS

A

radiology information system

51
Q

HIS

A

hospital information system

52
Q

When should a grid be used?

A

anatomy is greater than 10 cm or kVp is greater than or equal to 100

53
Q

What does using a grid increase?

A

contrast
patient dose by 5x

54
Q

longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

55
Q

longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

coronal plane

56
Q

What are the 2 ways to do the lordotic projection?

A

pt can lean back or you can angle the tube

57
Q

What type of projection is used to view the sesamoid bones of the foot?

A

tangential

58
Q

when should a minimum of three projections be used?

A

when joints are in area of interest

59
Q

a fractures require a minimum of ____ projections

A

two

60
Q

What projections do we do to view pneumothorax?

A

erect PA and lateral chest/decub w affected side up

61
Q

What projections do we do to view hemothorax?

A

erect PA and lateral chest/decub w affected side down

62
Q

what would you do to reduce magnification of the heart in chest radiography?

A

minimize OID by increasing SID

63
Q

image criteria for chest

A

kVp 110-125
exposure on second inspiration
top of IR 1.5-2 in above shoulders
include both costophrenic angles and apex of lungs

64
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of all or portion of lung

65
Q

PA chest CR:

A

at level of T7

66
Q

general kVps:
chest
abdomen
upper limb (hand/fingers/wrist, forearm/elbow)
humerus and shoulder
lower limb (toes, foot, calcaneus/ankle, tib fib/knee)
femur and pelvic girdle

A

110-125
70-85
60-80 (55-65, 65-80)
70-85
50-85 (50-60, 60-70, 60-75, 65-80)
75-95

67
Q

Projections:

PA
AP
lateral
axial
tangential
transthoracic
plantodorsal

A

*enters from posterior to anterior
*enters from anterior to posterior
*enters medial or lateral side
*angle of 10° or more
*skims a body part
*lateral projection through thorax
*enters plantar surface and exits dorsal surface

68
Q

fowler vs trendelenburg

A

fowler: head higher than feet
Trendelenburg: head lower than feet

69
Q

Sims position

A

recumbent oblique position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally

70
Q

radiographic film:

A

produced with the use of traditional film-screen (analog) technology

71
Q

radiographic image:

A

produced with the use of digital technology displayed on monitors

72
Q

radiographic examination involves 5 general functions:

A
  1. positioning of body part and CR/IR alignment
  2. application of radiation protection
  3. exposure factors
  4. instructions to patient related to breathing
  5. processing of systems
73
Q

Lawrence method/inferosuperior axial of shoulder:

A

CR 25-30° medially to axilla and humeral head

coracoid process of scapula and lesser tubercle of humerus seen in profile

74
Q

Grashey method/AP oblique glenoid cavity of shoulder:

A

body 35-45° to affected side
CR to scapulohumeral joint 2 inches inferior and medial

glenoid cavity seen in profile

75
Q

Garth method/AP apical oblique axial of shoulder:

A

CR 45° caudad and inferior to coracoid process

humeral head, glenoid cavity, and scapula neck/head visualized

76
Q

PA axial transaxillary of shoulder (modified bernageau):

A

CR 30° caudally to pass through scapulohumeral joint

lateral view of prox humerus in relation to scapulohumeral articulation visualized

77
Q

dislocations of shoulders use:

A

internal and external rotation AP projections

78
Q

Criteria for AP ankle:

A

CR midway between malleoli with foot dorsiflexed

medial mortise joint is open and lateral mortise is closed

some superimposition of distal fibula by the distal tibia and talus

79
Q

When the anterior and posterior rims of the Grashey shoulder method are not superimposed:

A

it’s a rotation issue

80
Q

setup for weightbearing knees:

A

CR 5-10° caudad directed to midpoint between knee joints at level .5 inch below apex of patella

pt positioned with feet straight ahead with weights evenly distributed

81
Q

number of bones in foot:
phalanges
metatarsals
tarsals

A

26 total:
14 phalanges
5 metatarsals
7 tarsals

82
Q

clavicle angulation for asthenic vs hypersthenic patients:

A

25-30° asthenic

15-20° hypersthenic

83
Q

Scap Y-view:

A

CR 2 inches below AC joint

pt rotated 45-60°

84
Q

knee flexed only _____ for lateral patella and _____ for lateral knee

A

5-10°; 20-30°

85
Q

Mortise joints rotation:

A

15-50° internally

86
Q

Danelius-Miller/axiolateral inferosuperior hip:

A

flex and elevate unaffected leg

internally rotate affected leg 15-20° unless otherwise told

CR perp to femoral neck and to IR

87
Q

modified cleaves/AP bilateral frog leg of pelvis:

A

CR 3 in below ASIS lvl (1 in above symp. pubis)

knees flexed 90° and femora abducted 40-45°

88
Q

Teufal method/PA axial oblique: acetabulum

A

patient in anterior obliqued 35-40°

CR 12° cephalad directed to 1 inch superior to level of greater trochanter

89
Q

AP axial Beclere method for intercondylar fossa:

tube angulation perpendicular to:
knee flexed:
patient position:

A

tibia/fibula
40-60°
lying supine

90
Q

mediolateral vs lateromedial foot

A

mediolateral: knee flexed 45° (medial side of foot up) directed to medial cuneiform at base of 3rd metatarsal

lateromedial: directed to medial cuneiform at base of 3rd metatarsal (lateral side of foot up)

91
Q

lateral hip angles:

A

45°

92
Q
A

RTE1503 Radiographic Procedures (19 decks)

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