Criteria for upper limb projections Flashcards
kVp range for upper limb:
60-80
exposure time for upper limb:
short exposure time
focal spot size for upper limb
small
minimum SID
40-44 in.
grids are used if the body part measures greater than:
10 cm
small-to-medium dry plaster casts increase: ____ kVp
5-7
large plaster casts increase: ____ kVp
8-10
fiberglass casts increase: ____ kVp
3-4
correctly exposed radiographs: visualize ___________ margins and ___________ markings of all bones
soft tissue; trabecular
general rule for collimation for upper limb radiography states:
borders visible on all 4 sides if IR is large enough w/out cutting off anatomy
What is the positioning routine for the second-fifth digits of hand?
PA, PA oblique, and lateral
How much of the metacarpals should be included for PA projection of the digits?
distal aspect
PA oblique projection positioning:
45° medial oblique
lateral position:
mediolateral (thumb down)
Which projection of the thumb is achieved naturally by placing the palmar surface of the hand in contact with the IR?
PA oblique
Which IR size should be used for a thumb projection?
8 x 10
Where is the CR centered for an AP projection of the thumb?
first MCP joint
What degree of CR angulation is required for the modified Robert’s method?
15° proximally
A minimum of ___ inch(es) of the forearm should be included radiographically for a PA projection of the hand.
1
Which preferred lateral position of the hand best demonstrates the phalanges without excessive superimposition?
fan lateral
Which lateral projection of the hand best demonstrates a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand?
lateral extension
What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial projection (Brewerton method)?
15° proximally toward ulna
How much rotation is required for an oblique projection of the wrist?
45°
The AP axial (Brewerton method) projection is commonly used to evaluate for early signs of:
rheumatoid arthritis
How much are the hand and wrist elevated from the IR for the modified Stecher method?
20°
Which special projection of the wrist helps rule out abnormal calcifications in the carpal sulcus?
Gaynor-Hart method (tangential)
What type of CR angle is required for the tangential (Gaynor-Hart method) projection?
A. none; CR is perpendicular to IR
B. 5° to 15°
C. 25° to 30°
D. 45°
25° to 30°
Which routine projections are required for a study of the forearm?
AP and lateral
For an AP projection of the elbow, the epicondyles must be:
parallel to IR
Lead (gonadal) shielding is not required for upper limb radiographs if the patient can sit upright.
false
How many minimum exposures are required for the AP elbow acute flexion study?
2
How much is the elbow flexed for a trauma axial lateral projection (Coyle method) to demonstrate the coronoid process (tube is angled 45° away from shoulder)?
A. 45°
B. 80°
C. 60°
D.90°
80°
