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165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are vili and what is their function?

A

Fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients

Increase surface area for absorption

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2
Q

What is the turnover rate of cells in the oral cavity?

A

14 days

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3
Q

Which papilla/taste buds do not function in taste?

A

Filiform papilla

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4
Q

Which papilla/taste buds function in taste?

A

Fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papilla

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5
Q

What is the total percentage of calories that should come from fat?

A

20-35%

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6
Q

What is the total percentage of calories that should come from protein?

A

10-35%

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7
Q

What is the total percentage of calories that should come from carbohydrates?

A

45-65%

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8
Q

Energy requirements during pregnancy

A

Increased caloric intake

10-15g more protein

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9
Q

Energy requirements during infancy

A

Breastmilk for first 6 months

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10
Q

Energy requirements during childhood

A

1000 cal + 100 cal for each year of life

Need iron, zinc, calcium and vit D

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11
Q

Energy requirements for older adults

A

Caloric intake declines with age and reduction in physical activity and ability to chew. Poorer diet choices are made and individuals can be overweight and still not have enough nutrition

Fat should be 20-35% daily cal
130g carbs per day

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12
Q

What is the function of fiber?

A

Promotes GI function and motility
Interferes with absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol
Slows absorption of glucose to manage insulin secretion

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13
Q

Function of soluble fiber?

A

Decrease cholesterol absorption

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14
Q

Function of insoluble fiber?

A

Absorbs water and increases fecal bulk

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15
Q

What are complex carbs?

A

Polysaccharides- 10 or more sugars

Starch, glycogen, fiber

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16
Q

What is glycogen? Where is it stored?

A

Animal storage form of glucose

Stored in muscle and liver

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17
Q

What are optimal blood glucose levels?

A

70-120mg/100ml

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18
Q

Characteristics of non-nutritive sweeteners

A 
May be natural or synthetic
May be caloric or non-caloric
Part sugarl, part alcohol
Can cause GI disturbance in high doses
Anticariogenic effects- Xylitol
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19
Q

What is the function of proteins

A

Maintain fluid balance
Maintain acid-base levels
Provide energy
Tissue buiding

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20
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

All essential amino acids are present

Ex: Fish, eggs, soy, milk, meat

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21
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A

Contain limiting amount of one indispensable amino acid for growth

Ex: Corn tortillas lack lysine, beans lack methionine

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22
Q

Who is at risk for protein deficiencies?

A

Children with low socioeconomic rank
Chronically ill
Hospitalized patients
Elderly

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23
Q

What can protein deficiencies cause?

A

Delayed tooth eruption
Loss of primary teeth
Increased caries

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24
Q

What is the term for chronic PEM?

A

Marasmus

Long term

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25
Q

What is the term for acute PEM?

A

Kwashiorkor

Sudden food deprivation

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26
Q

What is the function of amino acids?

A

Building blocks of proteins

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27
Q

What is the function of lipds?

A 
Provides calories
Source of essential fatty acids
Structure of cell membranes
Sense of fullness/satiety
Cushions vital organs
Insulation to maintain body temp
Palatability
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28
Q

Types of lipds

A

Triglycerides- in fats/oils
Phospholipids- comprise cell membranes
Sterols- Precursors for bile acids, vit D, steroid hormones

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29
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Bone formation/remodeling

Vascular, muscle, nerve and hormone function

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30
Q

What are common calcium deficiencies?

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

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31
Q

What is rickets?

A

Incomplete calcification, softening and distortion of the bones

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32
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Softening of the bones/ new bone matrix fails to form

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33
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduced bone strength

Bones become weak and brittle

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34
Q

Calcium toxicities

A

None in healthy people

Signs are excess vit D, parathyroid and kidney diseases

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35
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Immunity

Growth of cells, DNA production, healing damaged tissue

Regulatory functions

36
Q

What signals zinc deficiencies?

A

Impaired growth/immunity
Decreased wound healing
Hair loss, skin lesions

37
Q

Are there toxicities related to zinc?

A

Very rare

38
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins, Vit C, foic acid and biotin

Absorbed directly into the bloodstream

Toxicity is rare as excess is excreted in urine

39
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

Absorbed in the small intestine
Toxicity can occur as it is stored in fat and can build in concentration

40
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A 
Collagen formation
Fights free radicals
Calcium and iron absorption
Immunity
Wound healing
41
Q

Vitamin C deficiencies

A

Scurvy- poor /slow healing
Decreased resistance to infection
Easy bruising
GINGIVAL BLEEDING

Parafolicular petechiae

42
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Interference with anticoagulants

43
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Calcium and phosphorus absorption
Bone and teeth development
Muscle, heart and nerve function

44
Q

Vit D related deficiencies

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Enamel/dentin hypoplasia

45
Q

Vit D related toxicities

A

Only occurs from excess supplements, not from sun exposure

Loss of apatite, increased thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, bone loss, drowsiness, growth failure in kids

46
Q

Functions of vitamin K

A

Clotting and bone formation

47
Q

What may occur from vitamin K deficiency?

A

Hemorrhage, increased bleeding

48
Q

Function of vitamin B12

A

Maintains myelin sheath of nerve endings

Proper cell function

49
Q

Vitamin K deficiencies

A

Anemia

Glossitis- swollen/inflamed tongue

50
Q

Toxicities related to vitamin K

A

very rare

51
Q

Functions of folic acid

A

Anti-anemic factor for pregnant women
RBC forming
Helps develop fetal nervous system
Facilitates cell growth

52
Q

Folic acid deficiencies

A 
Angular cheilosis
Burning tongue
NTD's
Heart disease
HBP
53
Q

Toxicities related to folic acid

A

Rare but may include upset stomach and other gastro-related issues

54
Q

What percentage of our bodies is water?

A

45-75% (60%?)

55
Q

What can be found in tea?

A

Fluoride

Antioxidants

56
Q

Health risks associated with soda

A 
Obesity
Diabtes
Heart attack
Dental caries
Dental erosion
57
Q

FDS’s rule on supplements

A

Dietary supplemengts do not have to be proven safe or effective before being marketed

  • Manufacturer responsible for determining safety
  • Supplements do not need FDA approval before being marketed
  • Not required to have safety labels
  • Reporting of adverse events to FDA is voluntary
58
Q

What is the ideal pH for developing dental caries

A

5.5

59
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Occurs via mastication and churning in the stomach

60
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food. (amylase in saliva, gastric juices etc.)

61
Q

What is undernutrition?

A

Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough food

62
Q

What is the EAR?

A

Estimated Average Requirements

Nutritional intake that is estimated to meet requirements of 50% of a particular population

63
Q

What is UL?

A

Upper Level Intake

Tolerable upper levels result from evidence of high intakes causing detrimental effects

Connotes a level of intake that can be tolerated biologically

64
Q

What is the AI?

A

Adequate Intake

Applies to nutrients for which insufficient data exists

Set when data are considered to be insufficient or inadequate to establish an EAR

65
Q

What does acidogenic mean?

A

Acidogenic bacteria metabolize fermentable carbohydrates to produce lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid

Causes mineral loss and progression of carious lesions

66
Q

What does anticariogenic mean

A

Tending to prevent tooth decay. Foods like yogurt & xylitol are anticariogenic

67
Q

What does cariogenic mean

A

Causing tooth decay

68
Q

What does cariostatic mean

A

Inhibits dental caries- fluoride, dairy

69
Q

Who is seen with night eating disorder?

A

Seen in obese individuals with insomnia

70
Q

What is binge eating disorder?

A

Larger than normal amount of food in a certain time period w/ an absence of self control

No laxatives or vomiting
Large amts of cariogenic foods increase caries risk

71
Q

What is anorexia?

A 
Emaciation
Intense fear of gaining weight
Disordered body image
Denial of low body weight
Self-esteem that is heavily influenced by perceptions of body weight and shape
72
Q

What is bullimia

A

Recurrent cycles of binging and purging

Many people are of normal weight or slightly overweight

Stomach acid causes tooth decay and erosion

73
Q

What is the purpose of MyPlate?

A

To show patients the recommended daily intake of food based on their age, weight, height and level of activity

Gives tips for eating more healthfully

74
Q

What amount does a fist indicate?

A

1 cup

75
Q

What amount does a palm indicate?

A

3oz

76
Q

What amount does a thumb indicate?

A

1 tbsp

77
Q

Why do we tell someone to go on a soft or liquid diet?

A

Post surgical instructions for a patient who just underwent perio surgery

1-3 days if there is tissue discomfort

Multivitamins should be taken

78
Q

Results of smoking during pregnancy

A

Vasoconstriction reduces O2 flow to placenta

Lower birth weight
Need extra vitamin C
Can result in spontaneous abortion or still birth, ectopic pregnancy

Smoking during breastfeeding reduces the volume of milk produced and can be associated with SIDS

79
Q

Results of alcohol intake during pregnancy

A

Chronic alcohol intake can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  • Poor fetal/infant growth
  • Mental retardation
  • Physical deformities
  • Minor face malformations
  • Emotional & learning problems
80
Q

Folic acid

A

Protects against neural tube defects
-Ancephaly, spina bifida
Found in leafy greens/vegetables, asparagus, broccoli, legumes, citrus, juices

81
Q

Why do we recommend fluoride supplements?

A

For children whos teeth are still developing and calcifying
Strengthens growing teeth
Prevents demineralization
Supplement only given to those in areas w/o fluoridated water or high caries risk

82
Q

Issues with dentures

A

Full denture wearers tend to eat less fruits/veggies
Edentulous pts make poor nutritional choices
Can affect taste sensation
Bolus size/formation can be affected
Increased risk for aspirating/choking
Alveolar bone resorption

83
Q

Issues with swallowing

A

Dysphagia
Can occur from stroke, radiation treatments, surgery, trauma, MS, muscular dystrophy, inflammation

May ben seen in older patients and those w/ neurological disorders

84
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Any disruption in swallowing

85
Q

Issues from orthodintics

A

Patients tend to consume more processed foods (more total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, less dietary fiber)

Vit B & C are necessary
Brackets cause food retention
Nidus for plaque growth, increased caries risk

165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry (8 decks)

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