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165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are vili and what is their function?

A

Fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients

Increase surface area for absorption

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2
Q

What is the turnover rate of cells in the oral cavity?

A

14 days

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3
Q

Which papilla/taste buds do not function in taste?

A

Filiform papilla

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4
Q

Which papilla/taste buds function in taste?

A

Fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papilla

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5
Q

What is the total percentage of calories that should come from fat?

A

20-35%

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6
Q

What is the total percentage of calories that should come from protein?

A

10-35%

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7
Q

What is the total percentage of calories that should come from carbohydrates?

A

45-65%

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8
Q

Energy requirements during pregnancy

A

Increased caloric intake

10-15g more protein

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9
Q

Energy requirements during infancy

A

Breastmilk for first 6 months

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10
Q

Energy requirements during childhood

A

1000 cal + 100 cal for each year of life

Need iron, zinc, calcium and vit D

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11
Q

Energy requirements for older adults

A

Caloric intake declines with age and reduction in physical activity and ability to chew. Poorer diet choices are made and individuals can be overweight and still not have enough nutrition

Fat should be 20-35% daily cal
130g carbs per day

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12
Q

What is the function of fiber?

A

Promotes GI function and motility
Interferes with absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol
Slows absorption of glucose to manage insulin secretion

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13
Q

Function of soluble fiber?

A

Decrease cholesterol absorption

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14
Q

Function of insoluble fiber?

A

Absorbs water and increases fecal bulk

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15
Q

What are complex carbs?

A

Polysaccharides- 10 or more sugars

Starch, glycogen, fiber

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16
Q

What is glycogen? Where is it stored?

A

Animal storage form of glucose

Stored in muscle and liver

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17
Q

What are optimal blood glucose levels?

A

70-120mg/100ml

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18
Q

Characteristics of non-nutritive sweeteners

A 
May be natural or synthetic
May be caloric or non-caloric
Part sugarl, part alcohol
Can cause GI disturbance in high doses
Anticariogenic effects- Xylitol
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19
Q

What is the function of proteins

A

Maintain fluid balance
Maintain acid-base levels
Provide energy
Tissue buiding

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20
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

All essential amino acids are present

Ex: Fish, eggs, soy, milk, meat

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21
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A

Contain limiting amount of one indispensable amino acid for growth

Ex: Corn tortillas lack lysine, beans lack methionine

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22
Q

Who is at risk for protein deficiencies?

A

Children with low socioeconomic rank
Chronically ill
Hospitalized patients
Elderly

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23
Q

What can protein deficiencies cause?

A

Delayed tooth eruption
Loss of primary teeth
Increased caries

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24
Q

What is the term for chronic PEM?

A

Marasmus

Long term

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25
What is the term for acute PEM?
Kwashiorkor Sudden food deprivation
26
What is the function of amino acids?
Building blocks of proteins
27
What is the function of lipds?
``` Provides calories Source of essential fatty acids Structure of cell membranes Sense of fullness/satiety Cushions vital organs Insulation to maintain body temp Palatability ```
28
Types of lipds
Triglycerides- in fats/oils Phospholipids- comprise cell membranes Sterols- Precursors for bile acids, vit D, steroid hormones
29
What is the function of calcium?
Bone formation/remodeling | Vascular, muscle, nerve and hormone function
30
What are common calcium deficiencies?
Rickets Osteomalacia Osteoporosis
31
What is rickets?
Incomplete calcification, softening and distortion of the bones
32
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of the bones/ new bone matrix fails to form
33
What is osteoporosis?
Reduced bone strength Bones become weak and brittle
34
Calcium toxicities
None in healthy people Signs are excess vit D, parathyroid and kidney diseases
35
What is the function of zinc?
Immunity Growth of cells, DNA production, healing damaged tissue Regulatory functions
36
What signals zinc deficiencies?
Impaired growth/immunity Decreased wound healing Hair loss, skin lesions
37
Are there toxicities related to zinc?
Very rare
38
Water soluble vitamins
B vitamins, Vit C, foic acid and biotin Absorbed directly into the bloodstream Toxicity is rare as excess is excreted in urine
39
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K Absorbed in the small intestine Toxicity can occur as it is stored in fat and can build in concentration
40
What is the function of vitamin C?
``` Collagen formation Fights free radicals Calcium and iron absorption Immunity Wound healing ```
41
Vitamin C deficiencies
Scurvy- poor /slow healing Decreased resistance to infection Easy bruising GINGIVAL BLEEDING Parafolicular petechiae
42
Vitamin C toxicity
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Interference with anticoagulants
43
What is the function of vitamin D?
Calcium and phosphorus absorption Bone and teeth development Muscle, heart and nerve function
44
Vit D related deficiencies
Rickets Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Enamel/dentin hypoplasia
45
Vit D related toxicities
Only occurs from excess supplements, not from sun exposure Loss of apatite, increased thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, bone loss, drowsiness, growth failure in kids
46
Functions of vitamin K
Clotting and bone formation
47
What may occur from vitamin K deficiency?
Hemorrhage, increased bleeding
48
Function of vitamin B12
Maintains myelin sheath of nerve endings Proper cell function
49
Vitamin K deficiencies
Anemia Glossitis- swollen/inflamed tongue
50
Toxicities related to vitamin K
very rare
51
Functions of folic acid
Anti-anemic factor for pregnant women RBC forming Helps develop fetal nervous system Facilitates cell growth
52
Folic acid deficiencies
``` Angular cheilosis Burning tongue NTD's Heart disease HBP ```
53
Toxicities related to folic acid
Rare but may include upset stomach and other gastro-related issues
54
What percentage of our bodies is water?
45-75% (60%?)
55
What can be found in tea?
Fluoride Antioxidants
56
Health risks associated with soda
``` Obesity Diabtes Heart attack Dental caries Dental erosion ```
57
FDS's rule on supplements
Dietary supplemengts do not have to be proven safe or effective before being marketed - Manufacturer responsible for determining safety - Supplements do not need FDA approval before being marketed - Not required to have safety labels - Reporting of adverse events to FDA is voluntary
58
What is the ideal pH for developing dental caries
5.5
59
What is mechanical digestion
Occurs via mastication and churning in the stomach
60
What is chemical digestion?
Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food. (amylase in saliva, gastric juices etc.)
61
What is undernutrition?
Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough food
62
What is the EAR?
Estimated Average Requirements Nutritional intake that is estimated to meet requirements of 50% of a particular population
63
What is UL?
Upper Level Intake Tolerable upper levels result from evidence of high intakes causing detrimental effects Connotes a level of intake that can be tolerated biologically
64
What is the AI?
Adequate Intake Applies to nutrients for which insufficient data exists Set when data are considered to be insufficient or inadequate to establish an EAR
65
What does acidogenic mean?
Acidogenic bacteria metabolize fermentable carbohydrates to produce lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid Causes mineral loss and progression of carious lesions
66
What does anticariogenic mean
Tending to prevent tooth decay. Foods like yogurt & xylitol are anticariogenic
67
What does cariogenic mean
Causing tooth decay
68
What does cariostatic mean
Inhibits dental caries- fluoride, dairy
69
Who is seen with night eating disorder?
Seen in obese individuals with insomnia
70
What is binge eating disorder?
Larger than normal amount of food in a certain time period w/ an absence of self control No laxatives or vomiting Large amts of cariogenic foods increase caries risk
71
What is anorexia?
``` Emaciation Intense fear of gaining weight Disordered body image Denial of low body weight Self-esteem that is heavily influenced by perceptions of body weight and shape ```
72
What is bullimia
Recurrent cycles of binging and purging Many people are of normal weight or slightly overweight Stomach acid causes tooth decay and erosion
73
What is the purpose of MyPlate?
To show patients the recommended daily intake of food based on their age, weight, height and level of activity Gives tips for eating more healthfully
74
What amount does a fist indicate?
1 cup
75
What amount does a palm indicate?
3oz
76
What amount does a thumb indicate?
1 tbsp
77
Why do we tell someone to go on a soft or liquid diet?
Post surgical instructions for a patient who just underwent perio surgery 1-3 days if there is tissue discomfort Multivitamins should be taken
78
Results of smoking during pregnancy
Vasoconstriction reduces O2 flow to placenta Lower birth weight Need extra vitamin C Can result in spontaneous abortion or still birth, ectopic pregnancy Smoking during breastfeeding reduces the volume of milk produced and can be associated with SIDS
79
Results of alcohol intake during pregnancy
Chronic alcohol intake can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders - Poor fetal/infant growth - Mental retardation - Physical deformities - Minor face malformations - Emotional & learning problems
80
Folic acid
Protects against neural tube defects -Ancephaly, spina bifida Found in leafy greens/vegetables, asparagus, broccoli, legumes, citrus, juices
81
Why do we recommend fluoride supplements?
For children whos teeth are still developing and calcifying Strengthens growing teeth Prevents demineralization Supplement only given to those in areas w/o fluoridated water or high caries risk
82
Issues with dentures
Full denture wearers tend to eat less fruits/veggies Edentulous pts make poor nutritional choices Can affect taste sensation Bolus size/formation can be affected Increased risk for aspirating/choking Alveolar bone resorption
83
Issues with swallowing
Dysphagia Can occur from stroke, radiation treatments, surgery, trauma, MS, muscular dystrophy, inflammation May ben seen in older patients and those w/ neurological disorders
84
What is dysphagia?
Any disruption in swallowing
85
Issues from orthodintics
Patients tend to consume more processed foods (more total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, less dietary fiber) Vit B & C are necessary Brackets cause food retention Nidus for plaque growth, increased caries risk

165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry (8 decks)

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