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165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry > Chapter 7 Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

How do we obtain minerals? What are the two groups?

A

Not made in the body so we must consume them through food.

Macro minerals and micro minerals

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2
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

Minerals needed in larger quantities (100mg or more per day)

Include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride

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3
Q

What are micro minerals?

A

Also known as trace elements, needed in no more than a few mg per day

Include iron, zinc, iodine, FLUORIDE, chromium, cobalt, manganese, selenium

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4
Q

What is the cell structure of minerals?

A

Strength and rigidity to hard structures like bone and teeth

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5
Q

Regulatory functions of minerals

A

Components of enzymes and hormones

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6
Q

Cofactors of minerals

A

A mineral unites with another compound in order for that substance to function

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7
Q

Minerals as nerve response regulators

A

Muscle contractions

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8
Q

Function of minerals in maintenance of water and acid-base balances

A

Concentrations of potassium (inside) and sodium (outside)

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9
Q

Role of pH in absorption of minerals

A

Calcium and iron are more easily absorbed in an acidic environment like the stomach and small intestine

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10
Q

What other nutrients help increase mineral absorption?

A

Lactose and vitamin C enhance vitamin/mineral absorprtion

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11
Q

What are some mineral-mineral interactions?

A

Zinc reduces copper

Calcium reduces iron

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12
Q

Minerals involved in the mineralization of hard tissues

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Fluoride
Magnesium

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13
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Form bone cells

Regulate bone mineralization

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14
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Cells within bone that help maintain it

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15
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Resorb bone by attaching to it, excavating small pits on the bone surface releasing bone, collagen and minerals into circulation

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16
Q

What is the most abundant mineral found in the body?

A

Calcium

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17
Q

Functions of calcium

A

Formation and modeling of bones and teeth

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18
Q

What are the daily requirements and UL of calcium?

A

Over 1000mg/day for adults

UL: 2.5g/day

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19
Q

Sources of calcium

A 
Milk products
Dark leafy greens
Tofu
Cabbage
Sardines
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20
Q

Calcium deficiencies

A

Insufficient intake
Milk Allergies
Malabsorption conditions

Rickets: infants
Osteomalacia: new bone fails to mineralize
Osteoporosis: Compromised bone strength due to reduced mass/quality

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21
Q

What are calcium toxicities associated with?

A

Excess vitamin D

Parathyroid or kidney diseases

Toxicity not usually seen in healthy people

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22
Q

Oral implications for calcium

A

Essential for mineralization of teeth, maxilla and mandible

Maintenance of mineralization

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23
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

Bone/teeth develpment

Major buffer

Energy metabolism

Cell structure

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24
Q

What are the daily intake requirements and upper limits for phosophorus?

A

700mg/day intake

UL: 3-4g/day

25
Q

Sources of phosphorus

A 
Cheese/yogurt
Legumes
Beef/chicken
Soy milk
Peanut butter
Milk
26
Q

Phosphorus related deficiencies

A

No deficiencies related to healthy people

Inadequate intake by people recovering from alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, malnutrition

27
Q

Toxicity issues with phosphorus

A

Usually only a problem for people with end-stage renal failure

28
Q

Oral implications for phosphorus

A

Deficiencies related to altered dentin/enamel mineralization, resulting in hypoplasia

Urge moderation of phosphorus containing beverages like cola

29
Q

Functions of magnesium

A

Calcified tissues

Regulatory functions

Nerve transmission

30
Q

Recommended daily intake and UL of magnesium

A

320-420 mg/day

UL: 350mg/day supplementary

31
Q

Sources of magnesium

A

Dark leafy vegetables

Whole grains and Nuts

“Hard” water

Supplements

32
Q

Deficiencies related to magnesium

A

Deficiencies from prolonged malabsorption syndromes

May result in loss of appetite, nausea, hypocalcemia, muscle cramps, seizures

33
Q

Magnesium toxicities

A

Not reported from food sources

Pharma doses can result in diarrhea, nausea, cramping

Impaires renal function

34
Q

Oral implications for magnesium

A

Works w/ calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D in development and maintenance of hard tissues

35
Q

Functions of fluoride

A

Increased resistance to acid demineralization

Remineralization of incipient lesions

Interference of formation and functioning of dental plaque microorganisms

Increased rate of post-eruptive maturation

Impaired tooth morphology

36
Q

Recommended daily intake and UL of fluoride

A

3mg/day for women
4mg/day for men

UL: 10/mg/day

37
Q

Sources of fluoride

A

Natural- found in varying concentrations n all drinking water and soil

Fluoridation of water–> 0.7-1.2ppm

Absorbs rapidly in the stomach

Soft drinks, juices, bottled H2O, tea

38
Q

What is the fluoridation of tap water?

A

0.7-1.2ppm

39
Q

Fluoride deficiencies

A

Increased risk for dental caries

40
Q

Fluoride toxicity

A

Excess can cause fluorosis: patches in tooth enamel. Chalky white to yellow/gray, brown or black

Occurs in children when fluoride concentration ingested is from 2-8mg/kg bodyweight

41
Q

Oral implications for fluoride

A

Enhances tooth and bone health

Increases tooth resistance to dental caries

42
Q

Functions of iodine

A

Regulates basal metabolism & metabolic processing of macronutrients

Necessary for normal physical & mental development

43
Q

Daily recommended intake and UL of iodine

A

DRI: 150 micrograms per day (<100mg)

UL: 1.1mg/day

140microgrmas/day supplementary

44
Q

Sources of iodine

A

Seafood
Seacoast plants
Iodized salt

45
Q

Defficiencies related to iodine

A

Hypothyroidism

  • decreased metabolic rate
  • Goiter
46
Q

Toxicities related to iodine

A

Toxicity is rare

Thyrotoxicosis occurs if protein-bound iodine concentrations exceed 20-35 micrograms/day

47
Q

Function of iron

A

Component of hemoglobin

  • carries O2 from lungs to cells
  • As a cofactor for enzymes: release of energy from macronutrients. Formation of collagen. Conversion of beta carotene to preformed vitamin A
48
Q

Daily recommended intake of iron

A

DRI: 8mg/day for men, 18mg/day for women

49
Q

Sources of iron

A

Meats
Some legumes
Dietary supplements

50
Q

Deficiencies associated with iron

A 
Chronic/acute blood loss
GI blood loss
Insufficient intake
Demand during pregnancy
Lead poisoning
51
Q

Toxicities associated with iron

A

Hemochromatosis

52
Q

Oral implications for iron

A

Impaired immunity
Angular chilitis: brown cracks in corners of mouth
Lingual stain- black line stain

53
Q

Functions of zinc

A

Structure- in proteins and DNA

Supports immune system, taste and smell

Growth/development

Regulatory functions

54
Q

DRI and UL of zinc

A

DRI: Males 8mg, females 11mg

UL 40mg/day

55
Q

Sources of zinc

A

Animal foods: oysters, crab, wheat cereal, beef, pork, trail mix, lamb, turkey

56
Q

Defficiencies related to zinc

A

Impaired growth/repair

Decreased wound healing
Hair loss
Skin lesions
Skeletal abnormalities

57
Q

Toxicities related to zinc

A

Toxicity is rare

Large amounts can lead to: stomach irritation, vomiting, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness

58
Q

Oral implications for zinc

A

Wound healing and new tissue formation

59
Q

Which micro minerals have oral implications?

A

Iron, zinc, fluoride, iodine

165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry (8 decks)

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