Chapter 8- Fluids and Electrolytes

Question 1

Functions of water

Answer 1

Basis of saliva and digestive juices
How nutrients are absorbed through the villi of the intestines
Transport for nutrients and other dissolved substances via blood/lymph
Transport medium across cell membranes
Required for some chemical reactions
Facilitates excretions of body waste
Regulating body temperature

Question 2

How does water enter the circulatory system? Where is it stored?

Answer 2

Absorbed directly from the small intestine by osmosis into the blood stream

Stored primarily in extracellular spaces

Question 3

What are the daily fluid requirements for men and women?

Answer 3

Women- 9 cups/day
Men- 12 cups/day

Various factors will affect this amount including exercise, high/low temps, high altitude, high fiber diet, increased fluid loss

Question 4

About how much water per day do we get from the solid foods we eat?

Answer 4

About 1 liter

Some generated through cellular metabolism- Krebs cycle

Question 5

Water metabolism and regulation

Answer 5

Nervous system sends thirst signals
Kidneys conserve or excrete water
Cardiovascular system modulates volume of water transferred
Hormones modulate retention or excretion

Question 6

Types of electrolytes most plentiful in the body

Answer 6

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

Maintain osmotic pressure
Water disperses them throughout the body

Question 7

Functions of electrolytes

Answer 7

Facilitate chemical reactions like chemical signals

Control osmotic pressure between fluid compartments in the body

Question 8

Why is acid-base balance important?

Answer 8

Death can occur from electrolyte imbalance

Ex. Bulimia –> Frequent vomiting of gastric contents –> low potassium –> cardiac arrhythmia

Question 9

What is normal body pH

Answer 9

7.35-7.45

Water helps maintain this

Question 10

Homeostatic mechanisms for pH balance

Answer 10

Buffering
Dilution
Lung respiration
Kidney excretion

Question 11

Characteristics of someone who is well hydrated

Answer 11

Plump ski, no precipitous weight loss, light colored urine

Question 12

What is not a reliable indicator of fluid status>

Answer 12

Thirst

Question 13

What are the earliest signs of dehydration?

Answer 13

Loss of appetite
Headache
Fatigue
flushed skin
Light-headedness
Dry mouth and eyes
Dark urine

Question 14

Health issues related to too little fluid intake

Answer 14

Xerostomia- caries

Urinary tract stones

Cancers- carcinogens stay in bladder if fluids are retained for long amounts of time

Weight Control- consumption of fluids can lead to feelings of fullness and decrease overeating

Question 15

What is hyponatremia?

Answer 15

Too little sodium due to excessive fluid intake
Can cause death
Symptoms similar to dehydration- neurological

Question 16

hat naturally occurring substance acts as a diuretic and can increase fluid loss?

Answer 16

Caffeine

Question 17

How much caffeine should pre-schoolers be limited to per day?

Answer 17

45mg

Question 18

When consumed in moderation, what has been known to increase HDL cholesterol?

Answer 18

Alcohol

Question 19

What popular beverage may help prevent dental caries?

Answer 19

Tea

Question 20

Increased consumption of soft drinks is known to contribute to what health conditions?

Answer 20

Obesity
Diabetes
Heart Attack
Dental Caries
Dental erosion

Question 21

Oral implications of water consumption

Answer 21

Dehydration in the elderly can lead to xerostomia, denture slippage, constipation and impaction, mental impairment