Final Rev. Flashcards
Why do we learn the history of nursing?
To build the foundation of nursing, to learn about past mistakes, evolving as nurses. It gives us identity. Important in evaluating.
Florence Nightingale
Environmental theory
-philosophy: health maintenance and restoration
-she was the first practicing epidemiologist
-used data and evaluated it when she did research on diseases
-provided working class women with outside jobs (pupil approach)
Nurses duty
to obedience of the doctor (but still be an we advocate)
National League of Nursing and Education
focuses on advances for nurses and to give the proper education for a nurse, to improve their training
ANA
in charge of licensure!!! Which protects the public
-standards of Nursing, ADOPIE, it is our voice!!!
How does the nurse become registered?
By going through acceptable program and pass the NCLEX
The American Red Cross
WW1… Clara Barton
NLNE
National League for Nursing Education
nursing school instruction will correlate with real experiences
The Cadet Nurse Corp
recruited nurses into the army and navy (school got paid for)- Frances Payne Bolton.
Post WW2
penicillin was created, Hill Burton Act (better hospitals and health centers)
Nurse Training Act
assist people in becoming nurses (scholarships, aid)
Nursing
is an Art and Science
Lillian Wald
big role in public health- Established role for nursing in the community because the needs of NY residents were limitless. Founded the Henry street settlement house.
Women to be nurse
extension of role
Nurse Practice Act
governed by each state
Nurses
caregivers, researchers, educator, mentor, advocate
compact licensure
license in certain states are active in other states (but you need to know each laws in every state you practice in)
Benner Model
Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert
The different types of diplomas
-Associates: 2 year program, prepared for secondary care setting, can take the RN NCLEX
-Bachelors: 4 years, can have leadership positions
-Diploma: gain a RN, but no college degree (2-3 years); still take the NCLEX
Which institute pushed people to get a Bachelors?
IOM (Institute of Medicine)
LPNs
not college based, work in adult homes
standards of Practice and Standards of professional Performance
each standard is to be met having its own key indicators of competence and all are to be met.
Which pathway to be a leader?
BSN
DNP
takes research and incorporate into their practice
PhD
research focused!!
a lot of ethical decision making as nurses!
when we are confronted with ethical decisions, think through it critically
-be aware of your own morals, values, and ethics
negligence
occurs when a person fails to act in a reasonable manner
malpractice
occurs when the conduct of a nurse or other professional practices below the established standard and causes harm.
assault
is a threat to touch or harm another person without consent
battery
is nonconsensual touching, even if the touch is beneficial to the patient
beneficence
the ethical principle is the duty to promote good and prevent harm
What is the goal of QSEN?
To have patient safety to have a good experience
Just culture
to promote accountability
What does SBAR stand for?
Situation, Background, Assessment, recommendation
why is SBAR in place?
To have proper handoff reports to other nurses and doctors
number 1 error
miscommunication is the #1 error and handoffs are the main reason for this
what are some examples of nonverbal communication?
Facial expression, touch, crossing arms, posture
cultural consideration
different ways of communicating
-avoid every contact, don’t want to be touched, do not want to expose skin
newborns
need to be held and swaddle; communicate through crying and smiling
children
fear the unknown, try to explain what the procedure is
toddlers
be consistent, this is when they gain a lot of trust
school age
be honest, give them choices
adolescents
need comfort and security but want more freedom! Express that they will be going through changes
adults
establish primary relationships, involve goals, transitioning into having your own family
older adult
transition into an “empty nest”, realize your no longer needed, grandchildren might come into the picture at this age
guidelines for instructing an interview
open-ended questions, avoid giving advice, observe nonverbal cues… focus on the client
culturally competent
-understand your own culture and get to know your patients culture
-have SELF-AWARENESS
health disparities
difference among populations
there might be barriers when educating a patient
know their language (have a certified interpreter), reading level (especially with how to take medications),
Hispanic/ Latino community
family is a strong value!! Predominantly Roman Catholic
African American
caring for one’s own, women are the backbone
Asian American
multigenerational households, family puts a lot of pressure on the younger generations, stoic about pain, use of remedies
Native Americans
religion/spirituality is important, respect is highly valued, use of remedies
barriers
cognitive issues, language, visual and hearing impairment
what is the biggest barrier to communication?
NOISE
visual impairment
large font, glasses, stand in front of them, let them know you are coming
hearing impairment
make sure hearing aids are in and working, do not yell at the patient
physical impairment
give respect, do not touch their wheelchairs or any type of assistive devices
what is the goal of crisis intervention response
to get them back to a pre-crisis state
if a patient has macular degeneration
stand to the side
five stages of grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
describe the four phases of a community response to a crisis
heroic, honeymoon, disillusionment, then reconstruction
how should your environment look
Well- lit room, good ventilation, appropriate furniture, private, quiet, comfortable temperature
shaping
each them a few things at a time, it takes time
modeling
teach them all at once, being active
contract method
verbally say you are going to do something
client hospital record
electronic medical record
How will the nurse use nursing theory and the nursing process in practice?
Help direct what a nurse does
Historically nursing has been a predominately female-oriented profession. Why?
Extension of their homemaker role
What was the first formal nursing education program in the United States?
Diploma Program
Name duties of the diploma, A.D.N, and BSN?
A.D.N: RN duties, but can’t be leaders BSN: leadership
Benner’s levels of proficiency!!!
Novice, Advance beginner, competent, proficient, expert
Who should be reading and applying the Nursing Policy Statement?
Every nurse, nursing administrators, nursing faculty, nursing students
What programs are designed to prepare graduates for the highest level of clinical nursing practice?
DNP
What is the purpose of certification by specialty nursing organizations?
To endorse the demonstrated knowledge base and clinical practice behaviors associated with the higher quality of a specialized area
What is the Nursing Social Policy Statement?
Statement is about the many ways that nursing helps others. It is about the relationship-the- social contract between the nurse and the patient
What are the basic three major types of nurses education programs?
BSN, A.D.N., diploma
Watson contributed to the nursing profession with the
oncept of caring
What does a DNP do?
Applies new knowledge and research to practice
What is the name of the practice doctoral program?
DNP
Who published the Code of Ethics for Nurses?
ANA
What was the result of the Nurse Training Act?
Provided federal funding for nursing education to increase nurse populrecords on sanitation and the connection with cholera and dysentery?
Clara Barton
founded the An Red Cross
What is the goal of theoretical knowledge?
To stimulate thinking about different concepts, theories help explain why nurses do it
What is the purpose of the publication, Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice?
ANA) guide nurses in America application of their professional skills and responsibilities
A preschooler is having difficulty with communication. How should the nurse address this
Play!
What is important for the nurse to know when communicating with the Hispanic culture?
Family values
What techniques are utilized for clarification in therapeutic communication?
Restatement, reflection, paraphrasing, summarization
What does SBAR stand for? Why is the SBAR utilized in healthcare
situation, background, assessment, recommendation. For communication and to decrease errors made.
When is it okay to disclose personal information?
Only for the client’s best interest
What is an ameliorable adverse event?
Events that, while not preventable, could have been less harmful if care had been different
Name a strategy a nurse could use to assess the cognitive level of an adolescent.
Use the three wishes question
What is the major factor that contributes to harmful error?
Miscommunication
Name some therapeutic communication strategies when communicating with infants and toddlers.
Play and getting down on their level.
Who released the To Err Is Human report?
Institute of Medicine (IOM)
What is therapeutic communication?
To provide support and information to patients.
How should the nurse communicate with a client with dementia?
Bring them back to reality, short, simple, and direct explanations
What is the QSEN?
Quality and safety education for nurses
What does touch do to a dementia patient?
Touch can calm agitated behaviors, reduce agitation, ease physical discomfort and promote sleep. Touch also can make emotional connections to others, particularly because individuals with Alzheimer’s or dementia have such difficulty with communication.
What do you call it if a patient falls out of bed, and they don’t get hurt?
Near miss
Preventable adverse effect
harm to a patient caused by their medical care rather than their underlying medical issue.
Negligence
occurs when a person fails to act in a reasonable manner
Near miss
is an unplanned event that did not reach the patient, but which may have resulted in harm if it had
An effective teaching strategy for reinforcement is shaping. Describe what shaping is?
Shaping refers to the reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior
What is veracity?
Truthful information about client’s condition
A client has entered the rage stage. What should the nurse do?
Leave and get help
What can the nurse use to assist with education for a client who is illiterate?
Images and symbols
What organization established educational standards requiring health care agencies to provide systematic health education and trained for clients?
The Joint Commission
What is expressive aphasia?
Can understand what is being said but cannot express their thoughts
Nurses are kinesthetic learners. What does this mean?
Learn best with demonstration and hands on learning.
What is anticipatory grief?
An emotional response that occurs before the death of a family member
How does one assist a blind client with ambulation?
Allow the client to take your arm to preserve the client’s autonomy
-if someone who has macular degeneration you go to their side
What will assist in educating a four-year-old about an upcoming procedure?
Involve parents, allow child to touch and play
Describe mild anxiety
Heightened state of alertness
What is the teach back process?
allowing the patient to teach the nurse/doctor to confirm the client’s understanding
There is a local community crisis. Describe the heroic phase in responding to this crisis
Heroic emergency teams, neighbors, and friends rallying behind the victims to help them
A preschooler is having difficulty with communication. How should the nurse address this?
With play!
A patient is recovering from a head injury with a lowered LOC. What is important to remember regarding verbal communication?
Initiate conversation and keep it simple and clear
What is the goal of palliative care?
improve the quality of life for individuals facing serious illnesses
What is the difference between nonverbal and verbal communication?
Verbal uses sounds and words while nonverbal is cues and facial expression
What is a developmental crises?
Occur as individual negotiate developmental stage changes
What does avoidance in therapeutic care mean?
Ignoring
an effective teaching strategy uses empowerment. What does this include?
Approaches that allow client to take on their own initiative in care
What is the goal of crisis intervention response?
To return the client to a pre-crisis level of functioning
An effective teaching strategy uses modeling. Describe this strategy
Describes learning a behavior by observing another perform it
What is a situational crisis?
Refers to a stressful live event which exceeds a client’s resources and coping skills
You have a client who only speaks Spanish. Who can be utilized as an interpreter to give discharge instructions?
A medical licensed interpreter
List two de-escalation interventions for mental health emergencies
Avoid rushing the patient, slow things down, allow verbal venting within reason, use open non-threatening stance, go to a quiet place, do not indicate you feel threatened or argue with logic of the situation.
What does the acronym C.A.R.E. stand for? It is used to assist with conflict situations.
Clarify, Articulate, Request, Evaluate
Crisis intervention is a
time-limited treatment
Suicide
10 leading cause of death
Telehealth (4 types)
live video conferencing, asynchronous video, remote patient monitoring, mobile health.
