Final: quiz Flashcards
Systematic errors in reasoning, often stemming from early childhood errors in reasoning; an indication of inaccurate or ineffective information processing?
Cognitive Distortions
What are the LEVELS OF COGNITIONS?
● Automatic: Streams of cognitions that constantly flow through our minds
● Intermediate Beliefs: Often reflect extreme a bsolute rules and attitudes that shape
people’s automatic thoughts
● Core Beliefs: Are c entral ideas about ourselves that underlie many of our cognitions
and usually reflex our intermediate beliefs
● Scheme: Specific rules that g overn information processing and behavior
○ Schemes have been defined as “Hypothesized mental structures that organizes information.”
What are the 5 basic needs we are born with?
Belonging Power/achievement Fun/enjoyment Freedom/Independence Survival
Who was the main contributor to Reality Theory?
Glasser
What theory is the miracle question from?
Solution focused-brief therapy
What is a method of assessing thoughts, emotions, or behaviors outside of therapy in which clients are asked to keep records of events, feelings, and or thoughts?
Self-monitoring
What do the (each) letters ABCDEF stand for— and what theory is it from?
○Activating- event ○ Belief - about the event ○ Consequences - of the belief ○ Dispute - irrational belief ○ Effect ------ a change in beliefs leading to new ... ○ Feeling and behaviors
The four components that are distinct but inseparable in understanding total behavior?
Acting Feeling Thinking Physiology
What does WDEP stand for and what theory is it from?
W-Wants
D- Direction and doing E- Evaluation
P- Planning
What are the Stages of Change?
Precognition Cognition Preparation Action Maintenance Termination
● Relapse
Define Reciprocal Determinism.
Our behavior influences our environment and our environment influences our behavior
The treatment approach of the following that focuses least on techniques: cognitive therapy, REBT, person centered therapy, or reality therapy
Person-Centered
A phrase to characterize the behavior of the clients who are inflexible
and absolutes in their thinking, maintaining that they must not fail or that they must have their way.
Musterbation
what theory does the term “externalizing” come from?
Narrative Therapy
A sense of balance and equilibrium that is consistent and predictable?
Homeostasis
who created the 1st comprehensive theory of family development?
Bowen
As a counselor who do you align yourself with when in family therapy?
You are careful not to purposely align yourself with any family member (equal alliance)
A cognitive distortion in which an individual takes an event and relates it to him or herself when there is no relationship.
Personalizing
What does the S.M.A.R.T. stand for?
SMART goals- Specific, Measurable, A ttainable, Relevant, Timely
As much as 70% of the outcome variance between different type of therapy can be attributed to …?
Common Factors
Name three common factors
● A positive therapeutic alliance that is collaborative
● A credible treatment approach that addresses the client’s problems
● Factors related to the client such as self-efficacy, problem-solving, motivation for change,
and hope-fulness that therapy will work.
The person is not the problem, the problem is the problem. What theory?
Narrative Therapy (founder/contributors: White and Eptson)
The removal of an aversive stimulus?
Negative reinforcement
Seeks to extinguish maladaptive behaviors and help people learn new adaptive ones?
Behavior therapy
Attention to motivation, emphasis on small successes, and efforts to find exceptions - what theory?
Solution-focused Brief Therapy
Cognitive Therapist view this as an essential treatment tool
DSM
An approach which emphasizes therapeutic alliance and other essential ingredients that have been found to characterize effective treatment?
Common factors approach
What theory uses verbs and “ING” words?
Reality Therapy
I ntervention invented by Victor Frankl uses in Narrative therapy?
Paradoxical interventions
What does SAMI-2 C-3 stand for? What is it used for?
Simple, attainable, measureable, (1) immediate, (2) involving, (1) controlled, (2) consistent, (3) committed
● Plays and important part in Keeping both client and treatment focused and productive
Self-worth is not contingent on performance. Worth is intrinsic to you as a human being (personhood) distinguished from all other forms of life?
Performance Vs. Personhood
The clinicians (Theory) focus shifts away from a study of the mind of the individual to a focus of the behavioral consequences of interpersonal relationships. What theory?
Family Systems Therapy
What is the underlying theory of change for Narrative Theory.
People socially construct meaning and are capable of authoring the narrative stories of their lives.
Goal of Cognitive Therapy?
The goal of cognitive therapy is to improve ability to think clearly and cope with life’s challenges.
In Solution-Focused Brief Theory how do clinicians phrase questions?
In SFBT clinicians phrase question so they communicate optimism and expectancy for change, empower and encourage.
How are difficulties viewed in SFBT?
difficulties are viewed as normal
SFBT adopted an idea by Albert Einstein, what is it?
A problem cannot be solved at the same level it was created.
When a person’s story becomes fragmented or disorganized what can occur?
Distress
The underlying values, feelings, motives, beliefs, and attitudes that recur in a person’s story
Landscapes of Consciousness
sequences of behaviors of related to events in people’s lives - they recur in a person’s story
What does WDEP stand for? (letters) & What theory?
Wants (wants you are getting, wants you are not getting, and Getting that which you do not want) Direction and doing
Evaluation
Planning
Reality therapists believe that people can choose the pictures they put in their quality worlds. If they choose pictures that are unattainable or unlikely to meet their needs they will likely…?
Experience frustration and Disappointment
The treatment approach that focuses the least on techniques: 1. Cognitive, 2. REBT, 3. Person Centered, 4. Reality —— ?
Person centered
The treatment approach in which a clinician asks the question: what treatment, by whom, is the most effective for this individual with that specific problem, and under what set of circumstances?
Theoretical Integration
The therapeutic approach that is most frequently combined with other treatment approaches?
Cognitive Therapy
Counseling theory that holds at its core that individuals create their own views of events or relationships in their own lives?
Constructivist theory
A Change that produces a Lasting Difference in the family, as well as fundamental differences in the family’s structure and organization?
Second-Order Change
An intervention where clients are invited to consider a world without their current problems?
Miracle question
Making the problem, not the client, the opponent.
Externalizing
The theory that people’s choices of thoughts, feelings, and actions which are internally motivated, largely determine the quality of their lives.
Choice theory
A . Providing a reward to a client upon completion of a desired behavior? B . If done on a schedule what else could it be called?
A. Positive Reinforcement
○ B. Operant conditioning: learning in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them.
○ Operant conditioning refers to the schedules of reinforcement responsible for producing the new behavior. P. 326
■ schedules of reinforcement: Continuous, fixed ratio, fixed interval, or variable
The study of circumstances under which a response and a cue stimulus become connected.
Social Learning Theory
The goal of this therapy is to restructure the family transactional system so that more effective and healthy interactions are established among family members, and the family as a whole becomes better able to cope with stress.
Structural family therapy
Newly formed nuclear families unconsciously repeat the behavior patterns of their parents, is called what? And what theory is this from?
Multigenerational transmission process Multigenerational Family Systems therapy
Reality therapists believe that people should be responsible and therefore should experience the consequences of their behaviors, what is this called?
Reasonable Consequences
If a client backslides or relapses what does the reality therapist do (Intervention) to promote the client to do something different.
Renegotiation
In Reality therapy - What reflects the process of moving toward change by evaluating wants and direction and formulating plans?
WDEP
In Reality therapy what represents the elements that maximize the success of plans?
Sami2-C3
What is mental illness according to Glasser (reality therapy)
Failure to meet their five basic needs in responsible ways - overemphasizing some needs while neglecting others.
What are some of the limitations of a behavioral approach?
An exclusive focus on actions can lead to clinicians and clients ignoring thoughts and feelings that need attention - can lead to superficial treatment and limited results.
What is Bibliotherapy?
The use of books in the counseling process - can help a person modify his or her thinking. Cognitive theory p. 305
A technique in which people repeat to themselves many times a day positive and encouraging phrases that they have identified as helpful.
Self-Talk Cognitive theory
- A strategy in which people mentally rehearse a new behavior and then create a cognitive model of themselves successfully performing that behavior ?
Cognitive Rehearsal Cognitive theory
A hypothesized mental structure that organizes information - ( Cognitive therapy)
Schemas Cognitive theory
According to what theory do people make meaning of their world through the language of stories that have become apart of themselves?
Narrative Theory
In Narrative Therapy what is the best way to facilitate positive development?
Loosening and changing people’s perceptions
The Information in stories that tell people how to behave as individuals or family members - act as restraints and keep people stuck in and limited by their dominant stories?
Specifications of personhood
A person’s story that can act like a tyrant that censors and changes their other stories?
Dominant story
Things cannot not change - what theory?
Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)
In SFBT how are problems maintained?
Problems are maintained when people do more of the same in the belief that there is only one right and logical thing to do.
Family approaches - what are at least three things the counselor is NOT?
An individual counselor with others in the room A referee A judge A mediator A group counselor A door mat
What is the - Cycle of — Cognitive Triad? What theory is associated with?
Negative views about the world Negative views about the future Negative views about oneself
● REBT
___________ Believe that reality is created through social constructs such as language, culture and the society in which a person is born and raised.
Social Constructivists
What approach is similar to Social Constructivists but also believe that “Both” the individual and social process contribute to the creation of reality?
Critical Constructivists
Societal expectations surrounding fathering, communication, and connection with their mates, and the expression of emotion can all lead to what? And from What Theory?
Discrepancy strain Feminist theory
Many of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties experienced by girls and women can be directly linked to ___________________ _________________ ? (Feminist therapy assumption)
Societal messages
Exploration of beliefs and consequences to determine whether they are rational or irrational
Dispute- debate
Too much order _________, Too little order ___________?
Too much order–overcontrol
Too little order–loss of balance and direction
The four components which are distinct but inseparable in understanding total behavior. (Action focused theories)
Acting, feelings, thinking, physiology
Symptoms chosen by people because they have little control over the real world, they use… Also what theory?
Crazy creativity
What are some of the limitations of SFBT?
○ Lacks well developed treatment plan and details of human development
○ Not usually appropriate as primary or only theory for severe or urgent emotional difficulties
○ Approach requires well trained clinicians; not as easy as it looks
○ Misconception that brief treatment is all that is ever needed
The term “Constructivism” is used to describe what philosophy?
Instead of one fixed, agreed upon reality, reality is co-created, constructed by the individual based on what he or she perceives and experiences.
Explain the therapeutic alliance for the family counselor (Family systems approach)
Therapists who work with couples and families take on many different roles: coach, consultant, model, teacher, or collaborator who works with the family to facilitate change.
● Also note that the counselor is to be constantly aware of who they are aligning themselves with to ensure the creation of an equal alliance
What is the general function/form - (Family Systems Approach)
In family systems perspective, the family is in the limelight and the individuals are seen as subunits, or parts of the whole
○ Brief and solution focused
○ Action oriented
○ Focused on the here and now interactions among family members
○ Focused on how the family creates, contributes to , and continues the problem
What are the key concepts of Family therapy?
○ Systems Theory
○ Directive approach
○ Circular causality p. 392
○ Focus shifts away from a study of the mind of the individual to a focus of the
behavioral consequences of interpersonal relationships.
○ Attention is paid to dysfunctions within the family unit rather than one individual’s behavior
What are the types of family rules?
Overt and covert
Name at least four basic tenets of family therapy
A system is made up of subsystems and is more than just the sum of its parts
Every system is comprised of subsystems and every system is a subsystem within larger subsystems
Changing one part of a system affects the rest of the system
Systems are governed by overt and covert rules, which are enforced by information, organization, structure, and feedback
Systems strive for homeostasis
Process is more important than content
Communication is constant within systems
Development occurs within systems
Causality is circular, not linear
Behaviors are not “good” or “bad”, they play a function
Blame is irrelevant
Individuals are not pathological – their circumstances make sense when considered within the context of their systemic influences.
Anxiety within a system can contribute to symptoms in individuals.
Reality is constructed by perception.
Define of type of Integrative / Eclectic approaches (4 types)
● Atheoretical eclecticism: Combining interventions without an overriding theory of change or
development.
● Common factors eclecticism: Believe that common factors (notably: core conditions) are
responsible for promoting client growth and change.
● Technical eclecticism: Provides a framework for combining interventions from different treatment systems without necessarily subscribing to the theories or philosophies associated with those interventions.
● Theoretical Integration: Offers conceptual guidelines for combining two or more treatment approaches to provide a clearer understanding of clients and more effective ways to help
them. See p. 433 for more detailed description
What is the Feminist Theory view on sex and gender?
○ Sex
■ Biological; male/sex/intersex
○ Gender
■ social/psychological/cultural
■ masculine/feminine/gender non-conforming
“We choose everything we do, including the misery we feel” - What theory? Bonus - who said it?
Reality Theory
Bonus = Glasser
The essence of reality therapy?
Helping people make better choices that increase their happiness and meet their needs without harming others is the essence of reality therapy. (p. 369)
What settings are particularly well suited to the reality therapy approach?
Schools and substance abuse treatment programs
What concepts form the foundation of reality therapy?
Responsibility, relationships, and making choices and taking actions that fill our needs.
What does a control system do? (Reality therapy)
A control system acts upon the world and itself as part of the world, to attempt to get the picture that it wants.
When one’s control system causes difficulties, misdirecting their efforts, what can happen?
It can lead them to try and control others
What controls the quality of our lives? (Reality Thr)
People’s choices of thoughts, feelings and actions
In reality theory when do problems originate?
Problems originate in early childhood
What is the basic assumption of how reality theory views people
Reality theory views people as basically self determining
How does reality therapy view people’s pasts- How are pasted issues expressed? & How is treatment most likely to succeed?
Pasted issues are expressed in present unsatisfying relationships and behaviors. Treatment is most likely to succeed by focusing on those present manifestations.
What is reality therapies position on human behavior?
All human behavior is purposeful and directed at meeting one or more of the fundamental needs.
In reality therapy what can limit people’s motivation?
Loneliness and deprivation
What is mental illness according to Glasser? - Reality theory
Mental illness according to glasser is people’s failure to meet their five needs in responsible and effective ways - over emphasizing some needs while neglecting others
In reality therapy -How do emotionally healthy people view set backs?
emotionally healthy people view set backs - As early warning signs that they need to look at their behavior and relationships and make better choices. (not as an inevitable part of life)
Reality therapy- How do Emotionally healthy people see themselves, i.e. their identity?
Emotionally healthy people have a success identity not a failure identity.
What does Glasser call one’s overall functioning?
Total behavior
What are the four inseparable components of Total Behavior?
Acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology
In reality therapy - How do you gain indirect control over feelings and physiology?
Behavior is chosen and people have direct control over thinking and acting thereby gaining indirect control over feelings and physiology.
Wheels of the car- what are the front wheels and the back wheels in this example?
The front wheels are thinking and acting with the rear wheel being feelings and physiology.
Using car metaphor, how can change occur in overall direction?
Change can occur in over all direction, in specific actions (the two front wheels) or by altering the person’s wants.
What does reality theory believe needs to change first, regardless of the specific concern?
Actions - thoughts or self-talk will follow. Eventually feelings and physiology will also change
The belief or conviction that social transformation and personal transformation are intrinsically linked? What theory?
The person is political Feminist Theory
What Theory do these interventions belong with? ● Challenging absolute statements ● Activity scheduling ● Reattributing blame ● Cognitive rehearsal ● Diversion or distractions ● Self-talk ● Biotherapy
Cognitive
What theory does this techniques belong with?
Guided discovery
CBT
(Action focused theories) - Benefits of Focusing on Behaviors/Actions?
Often the presenting issue Accessibility
Comfort level
Ease of measurement
Range of strategies Research Support
What are - Behavior assessment and General treatment approach - Behavior Theory (slides)
•What client does rather than the traits client has
•Description of client’s complaint
•Establish baseline – frequency, intensity, duration, onset, triggers
● General treatment approach
•Reduce overwhelming feelings & change undesirable or maladaptive behaviors
•Classical Conditioning
•Operant Conditioning Cognitive Principles
What is Syncretism? (eclectic / Integrated approaches)
Without logic or structure, eclecticism can Lead to treatment that is hazard and inconsistent, lacking in direction and coherence. This has been referred to as “Syncretism”
This pairs two stimuli, is often involuntary responses, passive, response is after stimulus
Classical conditioning
What happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing
Classical conditioning
