final pt 1

Question 1

All living organisms share five fundamental characteristics. Which of the following is not one of these characteristics?

Answer 1

sexual recombination

Question 2

Pasteur’s experiment provided conclusive evidence to reject the spontaneous generation hypothesis, which states that cells arise from nonliving material. As a consequence, his results supported the all-cells-from-cells hypothesis. Which element of Pasteur’s experimental design was most important and why?

Answer 2

His two treatments differed only in the shape of the flask, resulting in exposure of only one of the treatments
to preexisting cells.

Question 3

The feature of an experiment that is changed from one treatment to the next is referred to as a:

Answer 3

variable

Question 4

In the diagram below, “A” is _____ ; “B” is _____.

Answer 4

the common ancestor of all life; the common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about biological studies

Answer 5

Hypotheses may be tested by a combination of observation, measurement, and experimentation

Question 6

Which one of the following elements is found in nonliving systems but not found in more than trace amounts in living systems?

Answer 6

silicon

Question 7

Which one of the following nucleotides hydrogen base pairs with adenine in an
RNA molecule

Answer 7

Uracil

Question 8

Imagine you have discovered a new species of bacteria. To begin your investigation of this organism, you run an assay on the total nucleotide content of the bacterial cells. If the cytosine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 17%, what is the adenine content?

Answer 8

33%

Question 9

The strands in a DNA molecule are:

Answer 9

antiparallel

Question 10

An exon is _______________________

Answer 10

a part of an intact, mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus

Question 11

Transcription continues until:

Answer 11

a terminator sequence is encountered.

Question 12

How do phospholipids interact with water molecules?

Answer 12

The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.

Question 13

The term phospholipid can best be described by which of the following?

Answer 13

a nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate

Question 14

Which aspect of phospholipids is most important to the formation of bilayers?

Answer 14

They are amphipathic

Question 15

Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?

Answer 15

a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen .O2.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of osmosis?

Answer 16

n osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher
solute concentration

Question 17

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

Answer 17

All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.

Question 18

What aspects of amino acid structure vary among different amino acids?

Answer 18

the components of the R-group

Question 19

Two major types of protein secondary structures are referred to as:

Answer 19

α helix and β sheet

Question 20

When the peptide bond is created between amino acid 1 and amino acid 2:

Answer 20

the carboxyl group of amino acid 1 is joined to the amino group of amino acid 2

Question 21

The function of a protein is dependent upon the shape into which the chain of amino acids folds. Many noncovalent interactions are responsible for maintaining the protein’s shape. Assume you have isolated a protein from an organism in its proper shape, and you have treated it with an enzyme that selectively breaks only the peptide bonds in the proteins. Would the protein retain its shape under these conditions?

Answer 21

No; whereas the noncovalent bonds determine the shape of a protein, the peptide bonds are required to
hold the amino acids together.

Question 22

Which one of the following can contribute to a protein’s tertiary structure?

Answer 22

All of these choices are correct

Question 23

Translation requires _____.

Answer 23

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Question 24

How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Which of the following is a violation of the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 25

The universe will eventually die, and it will have no energy left in it.

Question 26

Water also has several remarkable properties, largely due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Which property does NOT apply to water?

Answer 26

All of the above are properties of water

Question 27

The energy of movement is called __________ and produces an_______________ reaction.

Answer 27

kinetic energy; exothermic reaction

Question 28

Why do chemical reactions tend to speed up when the concentration of the reactants is increased?

Answer 28

The reactants collide more often

Question 29

The unique properties of water are due to the ________________ of water molecules and the ability of water to form _______________ with other water molecules and with other polar molecules.

Answer 29

polarity; hydrogen bonds

Question 30

Which of the following best explains why “carbs” (carbohydrates) are advertised by manufacturers of candy bars and sports drinks as a “quick energy boost”?

Answer 30

Carbs are reduced molecules that have high-energy electrons.

Question 31

Nucleic acids have a definite polarity, or directionality. Stated another way, one end of the molecule is different from the other end. How are these ends described?

Answer 31

One end has an unlinked 3 carbon; the other end has an unlinked 5 carbon

Question 32

Dairy cattle were unknown in Thai culture until recently, and 97% percent of Thai people are lactose intolerant as adults. Which explanation for such widespread lactose intolerance is most likely correct?

Answer 32

Evolutionarily, producing an enzyme to break down a sugar that will never be encountered is wasteful.