Final (Previous Test Questions)

Question 1

What cells go through mitosis?

Answer 1

somatic cells

Question 2

What cells go through meiosis?

Answer 2

gamete cells

Question 3

How many daughter cells are produced through mitosis>

Answer 3

2

Question 4

How many daughter cells are produced through meiosis?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

What is the ploidy of each daughter cell after mitosis if the original diploid cell had 12 chromosomes?

Answer 5

2n=12

Question 6

What is the ploidy of each daughter cell after meiosis if the original diploid cell had 12 chromosomes?

Answer 6

n=6

Question 7

Subsets of the population diverge without geographic isolation

Answer 7

sympatric speciation

Question 8

carry information for the same traits

Answer 8

Homologous chromosomes

Question 9

If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, what is an appropriate description of its contents?

Answer 9

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis

Question 10

Starting from the wild mustard, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. What is a correct statement?

Answer 10

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties

Question 11

What most likely the order of events in allopatric speciation?

Answer 11

genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

Question 12

Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example?

Answer 12

biological

Question 13

For a biologist studying a small fish population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg condition is easiest to meet?

Answer 13

no gene flow

Question 14

What is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?

Answer 14

decreased genetic difference between the two populations

Question 15

What criteria are required for sympatric speciation?

Answer 15

Stable polymorphism and Assortative mating

Question 16

What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period to a 48-hour period?

Answer 16

There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures

Question 17

Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land’s End, England, whose latitude is equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local flora is subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe?

Answer 17

Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador

Question 18

Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast. What most likely accounts for this?

Answer 18

ocean currents

Question 19

Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by what?

Answer 19

The changes in density of water as seasonal temperatures change

Question 20

During exponential growth, a population always…

Answer 20

grows at its maximum per capita rate

Question 21

According to the logistic growth equation, dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)…

Answer 21

population growth is zero when N equals K

Question 22

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?

Answer 22

iteroparous and discrete periodicity

Question 23

What kind of climate do you typically find K-selected individuals?

Answer 23

stable, mature climate

Question 24

What kind of mimicry is occurring when two venomous snakes have similar markings?

Answer 24

Mullerian mimicry

Question 25

What statement is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

Answer 25

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species

Question 26

Consider two old-growth forests: one is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth and why?

Answer 26

Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

Question 27

Beta diversity can be defined as...

Answer 27

the turnover of species along a spatial gradient

Question 28

In the early part of the 20th century, two prominent ecologists proposed different models succession. Clements argued that biological communities have a highly predictable and interrelated structure. If we set up several identical plots in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict?

Answer 28

Identical plant communities will develop in all plots

Question 29

Describe top-down control.

Answer 29

community members keep each other in check due to factors like predation

Question 30

Describe bottom-up control.

Answer 30

a population or community's carrying capacity is limited by the plant population (lower trophic level)

Question 31

Any species that has a disproportionate impact on the community relative to its abundance or biomass.

Answer 31

keystone species (top-down controlled environments)

Question 32

Describe r-strategists.

Answer 32

- typically found in a less predictable environment - generally smaller in size - selection is toward high reproductive rates/younger age of first reproductive event/more offspring per cycle - less parental care - semelparous-continuous reproduction - survivorship is low

Question 33

Describe K-strategists

Answer 33

- more stable, predictable environment - larger in size - selected for competitive characteristics/higher survivorship/longer lives - reproduce at older age/discrete iteroparous reproduction - population is generally stable around the carrying capacity (K)

Question 34

What is thought to be the correct sequence of events in the evolution of life on Earth?

Answer 34

1. origin of cyanobacteria 2. origin of mitochondria 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 5. origin of fungal-plant smbioses

Question 35

What is the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of a beneficial mutation in a population over the course of generations?

Answer 35

binary fission

Question 36

A bacterium that lives in acid mine water, oxidizes sulfur and iron for energy to reduce CO2, and cannot survive without oxygen can be classified as...?

Answer 36

aerobic chemoautotroph

Question 37

How do cell walls differ between Bacteria and Archaea?

Answer 37

Cell walls in bacteria are primarily made of peptidoglycan

Question 38

All protists are...?

Answer 38

a eukaryotic paraphyletic group

Question 39

Which organism has the ability to evade the human immune system by frequently changing its surface proteins?

Answer 39

Plasmodium (Apicomplexa)

Question 40

Brown algae have...

Answer 40

multicellular stramenopiles

Question 41

Amoebozoans have...

Answer 41

lobed or tubular pseudopodia

Question 42

Ciliates have...

Answer 42

macronucleus and micronuclei

Question 43

Foraminiferans have...

Answer 43

external shells of calcium carbonate

Question 44

All fungi have...

Answer 44

cell walls reinforced with chitin

Question 45

paraphyletic group of non-filamentous fungi

Answer 45

chytridiomycota

Question 46

most common mycorrhizal species

Answer 46

glomeromycota

Question 47

most common mycobiont in lichens

Answer 47

ascomycota

Question 48

In all plant life cycles....are produced by...., and .... are produced by....

Answer 48

Spores are produced by meiosis, and gametes are produced by mitosis

Question 49

In the moss life cycle, meiosis occurs inside...

Answer 49

sporangia

Question 50

Which of the following structures is not part of a mature pine ovule? archegonium, embryo, integument, megasporangium

Answer 50

embryo

Question 51

Describe eudicot stems.

Answer 51

- often develop secondary meristems - vascular bundles have xylem toward the inside and phloem toward the outside - have a definite cortex and pith

Question 52

....are highly modified leaves that are responsible for...

Answer 52

petals are highly modified leaves that are responsible for attraction pollinators

Question 53

Which of the following is not produced during the Calvin Cycle? O2, RuBP, NADP+, G3P

Answer 53

O2

Question 54

...protects plants from photo-oxidation by dissipating the high energy molecules produced in the...reactions

Answer 54

Phtorespiration protects plants form photo-oxidation by dissipating the high energy molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions

Question 55

Which statement most accurately describes fluid movements in plants?

Answer 55

Water + minerals are pulled through the xylem; water + sugars are pushed through the phloem

Question 56

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

Answer 56

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed

Question 57

Plants often use changes in day length to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes...

Answer 57

are more predictable than air temperature changes

Question 58

Organisms in which all nutrition for the young is derived from yolk inside he egg are known as...

Answer 58

oviparous and ovovivparous

Question 59

Describe Hox genes.

Answer 59

- important in determining the body plan of bilaterally symmetrical organisms - important in determining the body plan of radially symmetrical organisms

Question 60

What kind of cleavage do telolecithal eggs have?

Answer 60

meroblastic

Question 61

What kind of cleavage do isolecithal eggs have?

Answer 61

holoblastic

Question 62

What kind of cleavage do mesolecithal eggs have?

Answer 62

holoblastic, slowed when thicker yolk is reached

Question 63

Why is the statement, "Enterocoely is present in all Deuterostomes." incorrect?

Answer 63

Coelom formation in some derived Deuterostomes occurs through Schizocoely

Question 64

The Ecdysozoa can be distinguished from other Protstomes in that...

Answer 64

members shed their cuticle as they grow

Question 65

Contributes to the formation of many different structures in vertebrates and is a hallmark characteristic of vertebrates

Answer 65

neural crest

Question 66

Present in all members of Chordata and attaches to muscle

Answer 66

notocord

Question 67

During fertilization in sea urchins, the "fast block" and the longer lasting "slow block" to polyspermy, respectively are...

Answer 67

An electrical potential (membrane depolarization) and the cortical reaction leading to the fertilization membrane

Question 68

occurs when an adult and immature organism (insect) are similar in every way except for size

Answer 68

ametabolous

Question 69

Mollusca have...

Answer 69

a mantle

Question 70

Vertebrata have...

Answer 70

a neural crest

Question 71

Nematoda have...

Answer 71

pseudocoelomate

Question 72

Annelida have...

Answer 72

setae

Question 73

In humans, identical twins are possible because...

Answer 73

cell fate is determined through induction (regulative development)

Question 74

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm...

Answer 74

invests little energy in temperature regulation

Question 75

Dropping of body temperature when asleep or inactive

Answer 75

torpor

Question 76

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system...

Answer 76

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

Question 77

An enlarged cecum is typical of...

Answer 77

rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears

Question 78

Describe the main steps in spermatogenesis.

Answer 78

Diploid spermatogonia enlarges to a primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes. Each of those go through meios II to form 2 spermatids for a total of 4 spermatids, which become 4 sperm

Question 79

Describe the main steps in oogenesis.

Answer 79

Diploid oogonia initially increase in number by mitosis, then stop dividing, then increase in size to form primary oocytes. Diploid primary oocytes divide by meiosis producing 1 large secondary oocyte and a small polar body. polar bodies are nonfunctional cells. Haploid secondary oocyte divides by meiosis producing 1 large ootid and a second polar body. Haploid ootid develops into a functional ovum.

Question 80

What are the five hallmark characteristics of the Chordates?

Answer 80

1) Dorsal, tubular nerve cord 2) Notochord 3) Pharyngeal slits 4) Endostyle 5) Postanaltail

Question 81

Malphighian tubules in insects are used for the same funcition as...

Answer 81

Metanephridium in mollusks and annelids, kidneys in vertebrates, and paired antennal glands in crustaceans

Question 82

Responsible for releasing substances that affect surrounding cells

Answer 82

basophils

Question 83

Cytokines are used for...

Answer 83

communication in vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems

Question 84

When ecdysone is high and juvenile hormone is absent, a moth is expected to...

Answer 84

molt from pupa to adult

Question 85

As amniotes (such as us) develop, the pronephros becomes a...

Answer 85

metanephros

Question 86

What is the purposed of countercurrent exchange in the fish gills?

Answer 86

maximizes diffusion

Question 87

In the mammalian kidney, the majority of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the...

Answer 87

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 88

Tissue transplants among individuals of different species

Answer 88

Xenografts

Question 89

When levels of ecdysone and juvenile hormone are both high, a moth is expected to...

Answer 89

have a larval molt

Question 90

Used for communication in vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems

Answer 90

cytokines

Question 91

Allelochemical that benefits both the sender and the receiver

Answer 91

Synomone

Question 92

Allelochemicals that benefit the sender

Answer 92

Allomones

Question 93

Allelochemicals that benefit the reciever

Answer 93

Kairomones

Question 94

Activated immediately upon infection

Answer 94

Innate immunity

Question 95

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

Answer 95

the pancreas