Final (Previous Test Questions) Flashcards
What cells go through mitosis?
somatic cells
What cells go through meiosis?
gamete cells
How many daughter cells are produced through mitosis>
2
How many daughter cells are produced through meiosis?
4
What is the ploidy of each daughter cell after mitosis if the original diploid cell had 12 chromosomes?
2n=12
What is the ploidy of each daughter cell after meiosis if the original diploid cell had 12 chromosomes?
n=6
Subsets of the population diverge without geographic isolation
sympatric speciation
carry information for the same traits
Homologous chromosomes
If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, what is an appropriate description of its contents?
It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis
Starting from the wild mustard, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. What is a correct statement?
In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties
What most likely the order of events in allopatric speciation?
genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence
Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example?
biological
For a biologist studying a small fish population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg condition is easiest to meet?
no gene flow
What is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?
decreased genetic difference between the two populations
What criteria are required for sympatric speciation?
Stable polymorphism and Assortative mating
What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period to a 48-hour period?
There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures
Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land’s End, England, whose latitude is equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local flora is subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe?
Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador
Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast. What most likely accounts for this?
ocean currents
Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by what?
The changes in density of water as seasonal temperatures change
During exponential growth, a population always…
grows at its maximum per capita rate
According to the logistic growth equation, dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)…
population growth is zero when N equals K
Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?
iteroparous and discrete periodicity
What kind of climate do you typically find K-selected individuals?
stable, mature climate
What kind of mimicry is occurring when two venomous snakes have similar markings?
Mullerian mimicry
What statement is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species
Consider two old-growth forests: one is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth and why?
Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow
Beta diversity can be defined as…
the turnover of species along a spatial gradient
In the early part of the 20th century, two prominent ecologists proposed different models succession. Clements argued that biological communities have a highly predictable and interrelated structure. If we set up several identical plots in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict?
Identical plant communities will develop in all plots
Describe top-down control.
community members keep each other in check due to factors like predation
Describe bottom-up control.
a population or community’s carrying capacity is limited by the plant population (lower trophic level)
Any species that has a disproportionate impact on the community relative to its abundance or biomass.
keystone species (top-down controlled environments)
Describe r-strategists.
- typically found in a less predictable environment
- generally smaller in size
- selection is toward high reproductive rates/younger age of first reproductive event/more offspring per cycle
- less parental care
- semelparous-continuous reproduction
- survivorship is low
Describe K-strategists
- more stable, predictable environment
- larger in size
- selected for competitive characteristics/higher survivorship/longer lives
- reproduce at older age/discrete iteroparous reproduction
- population is generally stable around the carrying capacity (K)
What is thought to be the correct sequence of events in the evolution of life on Earth?
- origin of cyanobacteria
- origin of mitochondria
- origin of chloroplasts
- origin of multicellular eukaryotes
- origin of fungal-plant smbioses
What is the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of a beneficial mutation in a population over the course of generations?
binary fission
A bacterium that lives in acid mine water, oxidizes sulfur and iron for energy to reduce CO2, and cannot survive without oxygen can be classified as…?
aerobic chemoautotroph
How do cell walls differ between Bacteria and Archaea?
Cell walls in bacteria are primarily made of peptidoglycan
All protists are…?
a eukaryotic paraphyletic group
Which organism has the ability to evade the human immune system by frequently changing its surface proteins?
Plasmodium (Apicomplexa)
Brown algae have…
multicellular stramenopiles
Amoebozoans have…
lobed or tubular pseudopodia
Ciliates have…
macronucleus and micronuclei
Foraminiferans have…
external shells of calcium carbonate
All fungi have…
cell walls reinforced with chitin
paraphyletic group of non-filamentous fungi
chytridiomycota
most common mycorrhizal species
glomeromycota
most common mycobiont in lichens
ascomycota
In all plant life cycles….are produced by…., and …. are produced by….
Spores are produced by meiosis, and gametes are produced by mitosis
In the moss life cycle, meiosis occurs inside…
sporangia
Which of the following structures is not part of a mature pine ovule? archegonium, embryo, integument, megasporangium
embryo
Describe eudicot stems.
- often develop secondary meristems
- vascular bundles have xylem toward the inside and phloem toward the outside
- have a definite cortex and pith
….are highly modified leaves that are responsible for…
petals are highly modified leaves that are responsible for attraction pollinators
Which of the following is not produced during the Calvin Cycle? O2, RuBP, NADP+, G3P
O2
…protects plants from photo-oxidation by dissipating the high energy molecules produced in the…reactions
Phtorespiration protects plants form photo-oxidation by dissipating the high energy molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions
Which statement most accurately describes fluid movements in plants?
Water + minerals are pulled through the xylem; water + sugars are pushed through the phloem
A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?
Mycorrhizal fungi were killed
Plants often use changes in day length to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes…
are more predictable than air temperature changes
Organisms in which all nutrition for the young is derived from yolk inside he egg are known as…
oviparous and ovovivparous
Describe Hox genes.
- important in determining the body plan of bilaterally symmetrical organisms
- important in determining the body plan of radially symmetrical organisms
What kind of cleavage do telolecithal eggs have?
meroblastic
What kind of cleavage do isolecithal eggs have?
holoblastic
What kind of cleavage do mesolecithal eggs have?
holoblastic, slowed when thicker yolk is reached
Why is the statement, “Enterocoely is present in all Deuterostomes.” incorrect?
Coelom formation in some derived Deuterostomes occurs through Schizocoely
The Ecdysozoa can be distinguished from other Protstomes in that…
members shed their cuticle as they grow
Contributes to the formation of many different structures in vertebrates and is a hallmark characteristic of vertebrates
neural crest
Present in all members of Chordata and attaches to muscle
notocord
During fertilization in sea urchins, the “fast block” and the longer lasting “slow block” to polyspermy, respectively are…
An electrical potential (membrane depolarization) and the cortical reaction leading to the fertilization membrane
occurs when an adult and immature organism (insect) are similar in every way except for size
ametabolous
Mollusca have…
a mantle
Vertebrata have…
a neural crest
Nematoda have…
pseudocoelomate
Annelida have…
setae
In humans, identical twins are possible because…
cell fate is determined through induction (regulative development)
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm…
invests little energy in temperature regulation
Dropping of body temperature when asleep or inactive
torpor
An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system…
allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
An enlarged cecum is typical of…
rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears
Describe the main steps in spermatogenesis.
Diploid spermatogonia enlarges to a primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes. Each of those go through meios II to form 2 spermatids for a total of 4 spermatids, which become 4 sperm
Describe the main steps in oogenesis.
Diploid oogonia initially increase in number by mitosis, then stop dividing, then increase in size to form primary oocytes. Diploid primary oocytes divide by meiosis producing 1 large secondary oocyte and a small polar body. polar bodies are nonfunctional cells. Haploid secondary oocyte divides by meiosis producing 1 large ootid and a second polar body. Haploid ootid develops into a functional ovum.
What are the five hallmark characteristics of the Chordates?
1) Dorsal, tubular nerve cord
2) Notochord
3) Pharyngeal slits
4) Endostyle
5) Postanaltail
Malphighian tubules in insects are used for the same funcition as…
Metanephridium in mollusks and annelids, kidneys in vertebrates, and paired antennal glands in crustaceans
Responsible for releasing substances that affect surrounding cells
basophils
Cytokines are used for…
communication in vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems
When ecdysone is high and juvenile hormone is absent, a moth is expected to…
molt from pupa to adult
As amniotes (such as us) develop, the pronephros becomes a…
metanephros
What is the purposed of countercurrent exchange in the fish gills?
maximizes diffusion
In the mammalian kidney, the majority of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the…
proximal convoluted tubule
Tissue transplants among individuals of different species
Xenografts
When levels of ecdysone and juvenile hormone are both high, a moth is expected to…
have a larval molt
Used for communication in vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems
cytokines
Allelochemical that benefits both the sender and the receiver
Synomone
Allelochemicals that benefit the sender
Allomones
Allelochemicals that benefit the reciever
Kairomones
Activated immediately upon infection
Innate immunity
Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine activity?
the pancreas
