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Organismal Biology > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the circulatory system of a fish?

A

Single circuit with two main chambers, atrium and ventricle, and an enlarged sinus venosus located above the atrium

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the sinus venosus in fish?

A

It collects blood to smooth delivery to the heart

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3
Q

Describe the circulatory system in terrestrial vertebrates.

A

Double circuit with a high pressure system that supplies oxygenated blood to capillary beds and a pulmonary circuit to serve the lungs

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4
Q

Describe amphibian hearts

A

Right antrium for deoxygenated blood and left atrium for oxygenated blood but a single ventricle with a spiral fold and also differential blood pressure to reduce mixing

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5
Q

Which vertebrates have nearly separate ventricles?

A

nonavian reptiles

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6
Q

Which vertebrates have completely separate ventricles?

A

crocodilians. birds and mammals

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7
Q

contraction of the heart

A

systole

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8
Q

relaxation of the heart

A

diastole

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9
Q

site of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillaries

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10
Q

network of tubes that insects and some other arthropods use to exchange gasses

A

tracheal system

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11
Q

minimizes gas exchange by moving water and blood in opposite directions

A

countercurrent flow

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12
Q

What are the respiratory pigments that many vertebrates and invertebrates use to transport oxygen?

A

hemoglobin, hemocyanin, hemerythrin, and chlorocruorin

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13
Q

internal salt concentration=external environment

A

isosmotic

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14
Q

internal salt concentration

A

hypoosmotic

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15
Q

internal salt concentration> external environment

A

hyperosmotic

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16
Q

organisms that maintain the osmolarity of the body fluids equal to the surrounding seawater

A

osmoconformers

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17
Q

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

A

osmoregulators

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18
Q

animals that must live within a narrow salinity range

A

stenohaline

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19
Q

organisms that tolerate wide variations

A

euryhaline

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20
Q

maintains body fluids in higher concentration than the surrounding water

A

hyperosmotic regulator

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21
Q

epithelial cells specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

A

transport epithelia

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22
Q

What kind of animals excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia and why?

A

most aquatic animals because it requires a lot of water. lowest energy use

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23
Q

What kind of animals excrete nitrogenous waste as urea and why?

A

Mammals, most amphibians, and sharks because it requires less water to excrete. Medium/high energy use.

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24
Q

What kind of animals excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid?

A

Many reptiles (including birds), insects, and land snails because it doesn’t dissolve in water and can be secreted with little water loss. Highest energy use

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25
Q

Any tubule specialized for excretion and/or osmoregulation

A

Nephridium

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26
Q

highly branched duct system to all parts of the body, most common design to maintain osmotic balance

A

flame cells

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27
Q

Open system found in molluscs and annelids

A

metanephridium

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28
Q

tubule is open at both ends in metanephridium

A

nepric tubule

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29
Q

fluid is swept into the tubule through a ciliated funnel-like opening

A

nephrestome

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30
Q

point where waste solutes are excreted in metanephridium

A

nepridipore

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31
Q

Describe antennal glands

A
  1. ) located in the ventral part of the head
  2. ) An elaboration of basic nephridia
  3. ) Lack open nephrostomes
  4. ) Hydrostatic pressure of the blood forms a protein-free filtrate in the end sac
  5. ) In tubular portion, certain salts are selectively reabsorbed or actively secreted
  6. ) Similar to the vertebrate system in sequence of urine formation
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32
Q

Thin, elastic blind tubules

A

malphighian tubules

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33
Q

How do malphighian tubules work?

A
  1. Urine production is initiated by acive transport of hydrogen ions into the tubule lumen
  2. Osmotic pressure draws water, solutes, and nitrogenous wastes out of the hemolymph and into the tubule
  3. Urine drains into the retum, where water and salts may be reabsorbed by specialized rectal glands
  4. Leaves behind uric acid, excess water, salts, and other wastes
  5. Especially effiecent system for dry environments
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34
Q

the earliest vertebrate kidney with segmentally arranged tubules

A

archinephros

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35
Q

What are the three stages vertebrate kidneys go through?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros–>Opisthonephros
  3. Mesonephros–>Metanephros
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36
Q

Kidney stage in vertebrate embryos

A

pronephros

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37
Q

Replace the pronephros and form adult kidney of most fishes and amphibians

A

mesonephros–>opsthonephros

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38
Q

Kidney stage in adult amniotes. Much larger and compact, large number of nephric tubules, archinephric duct has shifted to sperm transport, and has a ureter

A

mesonephros–>metanephros

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39
Q

functional unit of the vertebrate kidney; long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus

A

nephron

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40
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in mammals and birds?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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41
Q

85% of nephrons in humans that reach only a short distance into the medulla

A

cortical nephron

42
Q

Extend deep into the medulla and allow for hyperosmotic urine

A

juxtamedullary nephron

43
Q

primary site of reabsorption

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
44
Q

reabsorption of water continues, aquaporins allow water to exit, and there are almost no channels for salt an other small soultes

A
  1. descending loop of Henle
45
Q

Channels allow salt to diffuse out, but there are few aquaporins

A
  1. Ascending loop of Henle
46
Q

Helps regulate the K+ and NaCl concentration of body fluids

A
  1. Distal tubule
47
Q

Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis and reabsorbs NaCl

A
  1. Collecting duct
48
Q

Mechanism of defense that does not depend on prior exposure

A

innate immunity

49
Q

Specific defense against particular non-self material

A

Acquired immunity

50
Q

Resistance is not complete and a host may recover, but harbor some parasites

A

Premunition

51
Q

Leukocytes with lobed nuclei and specific granules in cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

52
Q

Most abundant granulocyte that is the first phagocyte to enter site of inflammation in order to catalyze production of reactive oxygen intermediates

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

Granulocytes that phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and provide protection from parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

54
Q

Granulocytes that release substances that affect surrounding cells

A

Basophils

55
Q

Contain no specific granules in cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes

56
Q

Agranulocyte that are generally divided into big and small types

A

Lymphocytes

57
Q

What do big lymphocytes do?

A
  • natural killer cells that kill virus-infected and tumor cells in the absence of antibody
  • triggers cell apoptosis
58
Q

What do small lymphocytes do?

A

T cells and B cells are involved in acquired immunity in “vertebrates”

59
Q

Agranulocytes that can move quickly to infection sites to divide/differentiate to replenish macrophages/dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

60
Q

What are the two ways vertebrate cells can take care of nonself particles?

A

specialized cells can engulf or encapsulate them

61
Q

tissue used from another individual of the same species

A

allograft

62
Q

tissue used from an individual of a different species

A

xenograft

63
Q

What happened to invertebrates when given an allograft?

A

Their bodies reject allografts, and they can reject them faster with a second transplant

64
Q

Any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling

A

opsonin

65
Q

Small proteins involved in cell signaling that act on cells that produce them, nearby cells, and on distant cells

A

cytokines

66
Q

What function do cytokines have in invertebrates?

A
  • rapid production of coelomocytes
  • chemotaxis of coelomocytes
  • stimulation of phagocytosis
67
Q

What function do cytokines have in vertebrates?

A
  • rapid production of T cells

- chemotaxis of macrophages

68
Q

Foreign molecules specifically recognized by lymphocytes

A

Antigens

69
Q

Secreted proteins that are dissolved in blood or tissue fluid and combine with the antigens that stimulated their production

A

Antibody

70
Q

Portion of an antigen to which an antibody or T cell receptor binds

A

Epitope

71
Q

Hormones that are secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells; reach their targets via the bloodstream

A

Endocrine

72
Q

Targets lie near secreting cells

A

Paracrine

73
Q

Target cell is the secreting cell

A

Autocrine

74
Q

Neurons secrete neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on target cells

A

Synaptic

75
Q

Specialized neurons secrete neurohormones that travel to target cells via the bloodstream

A

Neuroendocrine

76
Q

Convey information via the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body

A

Hormones

77
Q

Chemical signals that carry information from one individual to another member of the same species

A

Pheromones

78
Q

Signals that travel from one animal to some member of a different species

A

Allelochemicals

79
Q

Allelochemical that benefits the sender

A

Allomones

80
Q

Allelochemical that benefits the receiver

A

Kairomones

81
Q

Allelochemical that benefits both the sender and the receiver

A

Synomones

82
Q

What two ways do hormones work through?

A

membrane-bound receptors and nuclear receptors

83
Q

How do hormones that use a membrane-bound receptor work?

A

Hormones that are too large or too polar to pass through a plasma membrane require the use of a signal transduction pathway

84
Q

How do hormones that use nuclear receptor work?

A

A hormone enters the cell and binds with a receptor, a hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus, and things get to work

85
Q

What influences most hormonal activities?

A

Pituitary gland

86
Q

What regulates the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

87
Q

Where are topic and non-tropic hormones produced?

A

Anterior lobe

88
Q

Regulate other endocrine glands and often involve hormone cascade pathways

A

Tropic hormones

89
Q

Directly stimulate target cells to induce effects

A

Non-tropic hormones

90
Q

What two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

91
Q

Regulates the kidney’s retention of water

A

Antidiuretic hormone

92
Q

Initiates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release in mothers

A

Oxytocin

93
Q

Located in the brain of most vertebrates derived from a light sensitive structure

A

pineal gland

94
Q

What roles does the thyroid gland have?

A

Thyroid hormones play crucial roles in stimulating metabolism and influencing development and maturation

95
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone

96
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Accelerate heartbeat, increase blood pressure, raise blood sugar levels, and increase blood flow to heart and lungs

97
Q

Reduces inflammation and stimulates carbohydrate metabolism

A

cortisol

98
Q

acts in the kidney to promote the uptake of sodium and other salts from the urine

A

aldosterone

99
Q

What two functions does the pancreas have?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes into the digestive tract and produces insulin and glucagon

100
Q

Involves the activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in the production of secreted antibodies

A

Humoral immune response

101
Q

Involves the Activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells

A

Cell-mediated immune response

102
Q

Release cytokines and help modulate the response

A

Helper T cells

Organismal Biology (6 decks)

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