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Organismal Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic spherical shape

A

Coccus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic rod shape

A

bacillus

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3
Q

Prokaryotic spiral shape

A

spirillus

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4
Q

Prokaryotes in clusters

A

staphylo-

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5
Q

Prokaryotes in chains

A

strepto-

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6
Q

Prokaryotes in pairs

A

diplo-

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7
Q

How do cell walls of Bacteria differ from those of Archaea?

A
  • Archaeal wall contain various polysaccharides and proteins

- Bacterial walls contain peptidoglycan

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8
Q

How do Gram-negative cells differ from Gram-positive cells?

A

Gram-positive typically has a thick peptidoglycan layer and is less virulent. Gram-negative typically has a thinner peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane that is often toxic, and is typically more virulent.

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9
Q

How and why do Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells stain differently?

A

Peptidoglycan traps crystal violet, which masks the safranin dye in Gram-positive cells. In Gram-negative cells, crystal violet is easily washed away, revealing the red safranin dye.

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10
Q

How do capsules and endospores help protect bacteria cells in harsh environments? How do they differ in structure?

A

Capsules are a sticky polysaccharide or protein layer that provide protection and adhesion for the cell. Endospores form in response to stress. The cell packages a copy of its chromosomes, lyses, and allows the endospore to remain dormant.

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11
Q
  • behavioral response of a cell or an organism to an external stimulus
A

taxis

Positive-toward stimulus, Negative-away from stimulus

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12
Q

How can prokaryotes evolve so quickly when the number of mutations per cell division is actually lower than what is seen in eukaryotes?

A

Their rapid reproduction and mutation allow populations of prokaryotes to evolve quikly

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13
Q

Cells pick up stray pieces of DNA from the environment and new fragments are often inserted into plasmids

A

Transformation

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14
Q

Viruses called bacteriophages transfer DNA from one cell to another.

A

Transduction

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells can directly transfer DNA via a pillus that pulls the cells together and shares the F factor

A

Conjugation (read up on this process)

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16
Q

Why are transformation, transduction and conjugation all considered mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A

They all result in genetic recombination as a result of moving genes from one species to another

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17
Q

Bacteria that are all Gram-negative, but are otherwise very diverse

A

Proteobacteria

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18
Q

Bacteria that require an animal host

A

Chlamydia

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19
Q

Bacteria that are spirilli and have internal filaments

A

Spirochetes

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20
Q

Bacteria that photosynthesis and may be ancestor to chloroplasts

A

Cyanobacteria

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21
Q

What traits are shared by Archaea that distinguish them from Bacteria?

A

Histones present in some Archaea
Methionine initiates protein synthesis
>1 RNA polymerase
Resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol

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22
Q

What traits have led biologists to place the Archaea as sister to the Domain Eukarya?

A

I don’t know histones?

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23
Q

Aside from being pathogens, what other roles do prokaryotes play on the planet?

A
  • Decomposition
  • Complete nutrient cycles by converting inorganic molecules into usable forms
  • Symbiosis
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24
Q

How does the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory (SET) build upon the Endosymbiont Theory that was presented earlier this semester?

A

This theory suggests that some organisms experienced more than one episode of endosymbiosis to become the organisms they are today

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25
Q

What evidence is there to support SET?

A

Evidence of a vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph

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26
Q

What three groups discussed in class belong to the Excavata supergroup?

A

Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans

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27
Q

What three main groups discussed in class belong to the SAR clade?

A

Stramenopiles, Alveolites, and Rhizarians

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28
Q

What main group did we discuss in class that belongs to the Archaeplastida supergroup?

A

Green Algae

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29
Q

What two main groups discussed in class belong to the Unikonta supergroup?

A

Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

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30
Q

What traits unite Diplomonads and Parabasalids?

A

Reduced mitochondria and anaerobic (typically)

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31
Q

What trait unites Stramenopiles?

A

Presence of two types of flagella, hairy and smooth

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32
Q

What trait unites the Alveolites?

A

Presence of small sacs just inside the plasma membrane (alveoli)

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33
Q

What trait unites the Amoebozoans?

A

Presence of pseudopodia that are lobed or tubular

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34
Q

What trait unites the Opisthokonts?

A

Flattened mitochondrial cristae and a shared amino acid sequence in elongation factor 1-alpha protein

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35
Q

What features of fungi have led early biologist to place them in the same taxon as plants?

A 
multicellular eukaryotes
cell walls
produce spores
can reproduce asexually
grow from the ground
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36
Q

What features show that fungi are most definitely not very closely related to plants?

A

glycogen as a storage polysaccharide
chitin as a structural polymer
chemoheterotroph
zygotic meiosis

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37
Q

What is a gametic life cycle?

A

The gamete is the only cell that is haploid

38
Q

What kind of organisms use a gametic life cycle?

A

Animals, some protists and algae

39
Q

What is a zygotic life cycle?

A

The zygote is the only cell that is diploid

40
Q

What kind of organisms use a zygotic life cycle?

A

Fungi, some algae

41
Q

What kind of organisms use a sporic life cycle?

A

Plants and many algae

42
Q

What are hyphae and how do they help fungi efficiently absorb nutrients?

A

Hyphae are filaments that compose most fungi. They extend into the ground or wherever they’re growing and can absorb or exchange nutrients

43
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Fusion of cytoplasm in fungi

44
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

Fusion of nucleus in fungi

45
Q

What is meant by heterokaryotic?

A

Condition where a multinucleate cell contains genetically different nuclei

46
Q

What are some characteristics of Chytrids?

A
  • flagellated zoospores

- protest-like

47
Q

What are some characteristics of Zygomycetes?

A
  • multinucleate structure

- survives harsh conditions

48
Q

What are some characteristics of Glomeromycetes?

A
  • form arbuscular mycorrhizae

- obligate symbionts

49
Q

What are some characteristics of Ascomcetes?

A
  • produce spores inside a sac-like structure called an ascus

- asexually reproduce by budding or with conidiospores

50
Q

What are some characteristics of Basidiomycetes?

A
  • produce spores on the outside of a club-like basidium

- asexually reproduce by budding or with conidiospores

51
Q

Give an example of mutualism that involves fungi.

A

Lichens = fungus + cyanobacteria or green algae

52
Q

Give an example of parasitism involving fungi.

A

Plant rusts or Athletes foot

53
Q

What kind of plants are in the Archaeplastida supergroup?

A

Rhodophytes, Chlorophytes, Charophytes, and Embryophytes

54
Q

What separates Rhodophytes from the other Archaeplastida?

A

Floridian starch, phycoerythins and phycobilins in Rhodophytes. Pressence of chlorophyll a and b, and starch is stored in plastids in the others

55
Q

What are the stages of alternation of generations?

A
  1. ) Sporophyte-produces spores by meiosis

2. ) Gametophyte-produces gametes by mitosis

56
Q

How did land plants overcome the challenge of maintaining water balance?

A
  • Waxy cuticle secreted by the epidermis minimizes water loss to the air.
  • air pores and stomata for gas exchange (and water loss)
  • rhizoids absorb H2O (and minerals) from soil.
57
Q

How did land plants overcome the challenge of obtaining resources?

A
  • apical meristems produce directed growth
  • roots capture H2O and minerals from soil
  • leaves effectively intercept light
  • vascular tissue(xylem and phloem)
58
Q

What provides land plants with structural support?

A

Lignin

59
Q

-Areas of active cell division at the growing tips of roots and stems that allow plants to direct growth in response to a stimulus

A

Apical meristems

60
Q

-allowed plants with rhizoids and small roots to obtain soil resources on land.

A

Mycorrhizae

61
Q

How did land plants overcome the challenge of reproduction and dispersal?

A
  • Sterile jacket of cells surrounds the gametes and spores
  • Sporopollenin, a complex biopolymer, prevents desiccation of spores and gametes.
  • The evolution of pollen means that free standing water is no longer needed for sexual reproduction.
  • Seeds = protection and nutrition for embryo; dormancy prevents untimely germination
62
Q

-produce and nourish the cells that are directly involved in reproduction.

A

Sporangia and Gametangia

63
Q

What were, most likely, the first land plants?

A

Liverworts

64
Q

-conducts water and minerals from the soil to the rest of the plant.

A

Xylem tissue

65
Q

-conducts organic products throughout the plant.

A

Phloem tissue

66
Q

What did plant roots most likely originate from?

A

Roots are most likely modified stems

67
Q

What are some characteristics of microphyll leaves?

A
  • small
  • single, unbranched vein
  • no leaf gaps
  • limited to one phylum
68
Q

What are some characteristics of megaphyll leaves?

A
  • large
  • highly branched veins
  • leaf gaps
  • found in nearly all extant plant phyla
69
Q

How are homospores produced?

A

sporangium–>single type of spore–>typically bisexual gametophyte–>egg or sperm

70
Q

How are heterospores produce?

A

megasporangium–>megaspore–>female gametophyte–>egg

microsporangium–>microspore–>male gametophyte–>sperm

71
Q

What are some characteristics of taproots?

A
  • present in all seed plants (except monocots)
  • taproot=primary root
  • deepest roots
  • generally tallest plants
  • can be specialized for storage
72
Q

What are some characteristics of fibrous roots?

A
  • found in monocots
  • primary root dies without forming a taproot
  • adventitious roots emerge from the stem
  • generally shallow, but well anchored
73
Q

What are some characteristics of root hairs?

A
  • extension of epidermal cells

- site where most absorption occurs

74
Q

What is the function of lateral roots?

A

-increase anchorage and absorption

75
Q

Leaf arrangement with 1 leaf per node

A

alternate

76
Q

Leaf arrangement with 2 leaves per node

A

opposite

77
Q

Leaf arrangement with 3 or more leaves per node

A

whorled

78
Q

What are the three main types of tissue?

A

Dermal, Vascular, and Ground

79
Q

What are characteristics and functions of parenchyma cells?

A
  • alive at maturity
  • thin 1°wall only
  • storage, absorption, secretion (active metabolism)
80
Q

What are characteristics and functions of collenchyma cells?

A
  • alive at maturity
  • irregular, non-ligified 1° wall
  • flexible support
81
Q

What are characteristics and functions of sclerenchyma cells?

A
  • dead at maturity
  • lignified 2°wall
  • support defense
82
Q

What are characteristics and functions of the tracheary elements?

A
  • conduct water and minerals
  • ± elongated
  • thickened 2°walls with pits
  • dead at maturity
83
Q

What are characteristics and functions of tracheids?

A
  • narrow, less specialized

- overlapping, tapered ends

84
Q

What are characteristics and functions of vessel elements?

A
  • wide, limited to angiosperms

- ± stacked on end

85
Q

What are characteristics and functions of sieve elements?

A

-conduct sugar and other compounds
- ± elongated
-Living at maturity but the protoplast is limited
(no nucleus, ribosomes, or cytoskeleton)
-Companion cells support the sieve-tube elements.

86
Q

What are characteristics of primary growth?

A
  • takes place in apical meristems
  • increases stem/root length
  • located in the shoot tips, root tips, and axillary buds
  • occurs in all plants
87
Q

What are characteristics of secondary growth?

A
  • takes place in lateral meristems
  • Increases stem/root diameter
  • Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissue
  • Cork cambium replaces the epidermis with a thicker periderm
  • occurs in seed plants but lost in many clades
88
Q

What are three functions of the root cap?

A
  • Secretes mucilage (hyperhydrated polysaccharide)
  • Exudes proteins into the rhizosphere
  • Detect gravity (stratoliths)
89
Q

What does the protoderm produce?

A

epidermis

90
Q

What does the procambium produce?

A

primary vascular tissue

91
Q

What does the ground meristem produce?

A

ground tissue

92
Q

How does an angiosperm seed differ from a gymnosperm seed?

A

Angiosperm seeds are enclosed within an ovary (fruit) while gymnosperm seeds are unenclosed on the surface of scales or leaves

Organismal Biology (6 decks)

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