Final: Predation

Question 1

trophic guilds

Answer 1

-Grouped by feeding habits
-Changes with size/age

Question 2

size-structured interactions

Answer 2

1;
- most predators eat prey whole, so they are gape-limited
- body size affects mouth gape
- gape affects prey availability

2:
-As predator grows, the kinds of food it can eat changes
- This is called “trophic ontogeny”

Question 3

gape limitation (how big mouth is)

Answer 3

-eat whole food
- prey < mouth size
- trophic ontogeny and diet breath
-body size affects mouth gape
gape affects prey availabilty

Question 4

trophic ontogeny

Answer 4

-as the gape mouth gets bigger it changes what food fish eats

-gape limitation and diet breath (range of food items it can eat, fish too big for mouth is above diet breath, fish too small dont give enough energy)

Question 5

diet breadth

Answer 5

range of food items it can eat, fish too big for mouth is above diet breath, fish too small dont give enough energy

Question 6

gape limit

Answer 6

how big of fish you can eat due to mouth size

Question 7

handling time

Answer 7

• time limits consumption

Question 7

type-I, type-II, type-III functional
responses (look at pic)

Answer 7

1; predator searches and handles simultaneously (/)

2; A: finding more prey, need more time to handle
B: handling time limits consumption

3; A: lag, predator lacks search image for prey at low densities
B; handling time limits consumption

Question 8

search image

Answer 8

predator uses to identify prey

• recognize specific clues

Question 9

numerical response

Answer 9

-conservation of prey to new predators

• change in abundance of a predator and change in density of its prey. new predators arise by reproduction and aggregative response

-a change in population size of a predator as a result of a change in density of its prey

Question 10

crucian carp Carassius carassius

Answer 10

-Density of carp was not causing body depth changes throughout competition for food
-Stocking similar sized carp eliminated the ability of pike to eat only the small ones and leave deeper bodied ones behind, ruling out selective foraging as a mechanism.
-Something about the presence of a predator caused carp body depth to increase.

Question 11

the scientific method

Answer 11

1; observations
2; question
3; hypothesis
4; predictions
5; test

Question 12

inducible response

Answer 12

biochemical defenses

Question 13

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 13

• traits confers advantages periodically
• when organisms can detect when to change its trait
• when the trait has a cost to be avoided when advantage not needed

Question 14

adaptive radiation

Answer 14

The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

Question 15

Bronmark and Miner paper (1992)

Answer 15

• indictable morphologic change

-Phenotypic change of Crucian Carp can be induced by the presence/absence of their predator, Northern Pike

-Crucian Carp can live for months during winter with little or no oxygen, Pike cannot
Presence of Pike varies through time (winterkill)
Deep body has hydrodynamic cost
Ability to change back & forth (plasticity) is adaptive