Final: Life history

Question 1

gonochoristic

Answer 1

Sexual characteristics are distinct and fixed at birth

Question 2

intersex

Answer 2

Have both male and female reproductive organs (successful adaptation)

Question 3

non-binary

Answer 3

good amount of species are non-binary (has both male and female organs)

Question 4

protogyny

Answer 4

fish goes from female to male

Question 5

protandry

Answer 5

fish goes from male to female

Question 6

endocrine disruptors

Answer 6

• induced sex change
• chromosomal manipulation “YY supermales”

Question 7

reproductive modes

Answer 7

Parthenogenesis, ovuliparity, oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity

Question 8

ovuliparity

Answer 8

Egg-layers with external fertilization (most bony fish)

Question 9

oviparity

Answer 9

Egg-layers with internal fertilization (e.g. some elasmobranches)

Question 10

ovoviviparity

Answer 10

Live-bearers without placental connection (e.g. some sharks, coelacanths, poeciliids)

Question 11

viviparity

Answer 11

Live-in bearers with placental connection (e.g. some elasmobranchs, poeciliids)

Question 12

larval fish stages

Answer 12

1: Yolk sack
2: Preflection
3: Flextion
4: Postflection

Question 13

type-I, type-II, type-III survivorship

Answer 13

1: Juvenile survival high, most mortality occurs in old age classes

2: Survival is not dependent on age

3: Juvenile survival very low; life expectancy increases for thoes who survive risky early life stages (or “critical period”)

Question 14

lifetime change in body size

Answer 14

-fish grow over many orders of magnitude in size during their lifetime

-growth is intermediate (no fixed size), environmental and genetic influences

• size affects survival and reproduction

Question 15

Gape limitation

Answer 15

-Eat food whole, prey less than or equal to the mouth size

-Trophic ontogeny and diet breadth

Question 16

range of
lifespans and age at maturity

Answer 16

-growth is intermediate (can keep growing til it dies)

-slow down after maturity

-max body size is more functional of environmental conditions, pop density, food availability, lifespan

Question 17

growth-mortality interactions

Answer 17

• Natural predators
  (the smaller, the higher the mortality rate (dead) “window of vulnerability”
• human predators (the larger, the higher the mortality rate (dead)