final on iron

Question 1

ferrous?

Answer 1

soluble
reduced form
Fe 2+

Question 2

ferric?

Answer 2

oxidized
low soluability
Fe 3+

Question 3

% hemoglobin in blood?

Answer 3

65%

Question 4

% myoglobin in muscle?

Answer 4

10% its an O2 carrier

Question 5

% enzymes catalase?

Answer 5

1-5%

Question 6

5 factors affecting absorption?

Answer 6

dietary iron content (if low in iron the absorption rate increases)
bioavalibility of dietary iron ( nonheme)
amount of storage iron
physical status (disease or prego)
toxicity is more of a concern then deficiency

Question 7

5 factors that enhance absorption?

Answer 7

animal protein (meat, fish, poultry)
vitamin C (nonheme turned into ferrous form)
fuctose
cysteine (amino acid, high bioavalibility)
low iron status

Question 8

5 factors that inhibit absorption?

Answer 8

calcium and others compete for absorption
oxalate/phytate/fiber (bind to iron to raise excretion)
lack of stomach acid and dietary protein
coffee and tea
high iron store

Question 9

how is it transported?

Answer 9

bind to transferrin to transport in the blood

needed for transport because its a defense system against oxidation and prevents use of free iron by bacteria

Question 10

storage sites?

Answer 10

liver
spleen
bone marrow - RBC production

Question 11

primary storage form?

Answer 11

ferritin

Question 12

8 functions?

Answer 12

1. oxygen transport as part of hemoglobin & myoglobin
2. cofactor for enzymes
3. normal brain and immune function
4. globin = protein house for heme
5. hemoglobin
6. myoglobin
7. cofacts for enzymes
8. other enzymes

Question 13

what hemoglobin does?

Answer 13

transports oxygen in the blood
Fe binds O2 where concentration is high
Fe releases O2 where concentration is low
its synthesized in RBC

Question 14

what does myoglobin do?

Answer 14

transports O2 in muscle

Question 15

function of cofactors for enzymes?

Answer 15

cytochromes : a,b,c

• ETC
• converts NADH and FADH2 into ATP
• detoxification of drug

Question 16

other functions that require iron for the enzymes?

Answer 16

monooxygenases and dioxygenases
peroxidases
- catalase = antioxidant
- myeloperoxidase = production of OCL (radical) to kill backteria
- thyroperoxidase = thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 17

deficiency without anemia?

Answer 17

depletion of bone marrow stores
decrease in serum ferritin and other markers of iron storage
hemoglobin still normal

Question 18

deficiency symptoms?

Answer 18

behavioral disturbances
impaired performance in cognitive tasks
impairment of learning ability
short attention span
impaired immune system, decreased resistance to infection 
- T lymphocytes

Question 19

deficiency anemia?

Answer 19

risk factor for disability and death
3-5% of females
not occur until severe iron depletion
histology: microcytic, hypochromic

Question 20

iron deficiency anemia clinical symptoms?

Answer 20

fatigue
palpitation
rapid breathing
decreased athletic performance
inflammation on corner of mouth
pica happens during pregnancy

Question 21

populations at risk for deficiency?

Answer 21

• babies and young kids because of breast milk and growth spirts
• adolescents because girls start period and growing
• prego women in 3rd trimester
• chronic blood loss

Question 22

supplementation?

Answer 22

beneficial to treat iron deficiency anemia
detrimental when taken in excess
- can be bad to intestinal cell, may lower copper and zinc and calcium, may be fatal to young children

no benefit or adverse effect on CHD

Question 23

RDA recommendation for men and women?

UL?

Answer 23

men = 8 mg
women = 18 mg
UL = 45 mg

Question 24

Sources?

Answer 24

clams
beef
forified foods
shellfish
liver
oysters

Question 25

toxicity?

Answer 25

accidental overload in young children

hemochromatosis

Question 26

what is hemochromatosis?

Answer 26

genetic disorder of iron overload, single gene mutation

most common for whites around 20

Question 27

what happens to the body with hemochromatosis?
short term
long term

Answer 27

short term
= fatigue, loss of apetite, memory loss
long term
= excess deposited in tissues creating organ failure

Question 28

2 treatments for hemochromatosis?

Answer 28

phlebotomy / iron chelators

blood transfusion

Question 29

toxicity symptoms?

and 4 stages

Answer 29

blood in vomit
stage one = belly pain, diarrhea
stage 2 = condition appears to improve
stage 3 = body in swoll
stage 4 = death

Question 30

4 assessment of iron?

Answer 30

plasma ferritin 
= reflects storage status 
= <12 ug means deficient
TIBC
= >400 ug
serum iron
= <50 ug
hemoglobin / hematocrit
= hgb: < 12-13 g
= hct: < 37-40%
= late stage indicator