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final on calcium bone osteo. vitamin D Flashcards

1
Q

5 physiological functions of calcium?

A 
structural component of bones and teeth
role in cellular process
muscle contraction
blood clotting 
enzymes
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2
Q

4 calcium deficiencys?

A

rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
tetany (muscle twitch)

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3
Q

4 food sources for calcium?

A

milk products
oysters
broccoli
legumes

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4
Q

% calcium in the blood?

% calcium in bones and teeth?

A

1% in blood

99% bones and teeth

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5
Q

where does calcium digestion occure?

A

in stomach with low pH

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6
Q

where is calcium absorbed?

what does it involve?

A

in small intestine

active transport and diffusion

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7
Q

what % of digestion calcium is absorbed?

A

20-30%

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8
Q

what 5 factors enhance calcium absorption?

A 
acidity chime
pregnancy
deficient
lactose
vitamin D
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9
Q

4 jobs calcium does in the blood?

A

neuoromuscluar excitability
blood coagulation
hormonal secretion
enzymatic regulation

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10
Q

1 job calcium does in the bone?

A

serves as a calcium reservoir or storage

so when calcium is low in the blood it takes it from the bone

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11
Q

how do you get rid of calcium when you have enough?

A

calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and it targets the bone to suppress resorption and tells the kidney to increase excretion

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12
Q 
calcium AI for:
teens
19-50 year olds
50+ year olds
osteoporosis
A 
teens = 1300 mg
19-50 = 1000 mg
50+ = 1200 mg
osteoporosis = 1500 mg
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13
Q

calcium UL?

A

2500 mg

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14
Q

calcium supplementation, 3 types and % calcium in each one and if you take it with food or not?

A

try diet first
calcium carbonate 39% take with food
calcium acetate 32%
calcium citrate 30% dont need food

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15
Q

what is the composition of the bone?

A

the matrix and the cells

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16
Q

the bone matrix is made up of?

A 
compact bone (outside)
spongy bone (inside) this is where the minerals are
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17
Q

what is the bone cells made up of?

A 
basic multicellular units (BMU) called:
osteoclast
osteoblast
osteocyte
bone lining cells
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18
Q

what are the bone cells called osteoclast used for?

A

bone resorption
large multinucleated giant cells
degradation of proteins by enzymes and acid

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19
Q

what are bone cells called osteoblast used for?

A

bone formation
synthesis of matrix proteins
mineralization

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20
Q

what are bone cells called osteocyte?

A

mature osteoblast embedded in the bone or covering the bone surface after modeling/remodeling

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21
Q

what are the bone lining cells used for?

A

protective cells covering bone surface
they move so osteoclast can do its job
(like a door)

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22
Q

what are the 2 phases bone modeling and remodeling have?

A

resorption and formation

23
Q

what cells do modeling and remodeling use?

A

osteoclast and osteoblast

24
Q

what is bone modeling?

A

reshaping bones during growth

resorption and formation may occur in different spots

25
Q

what is bone remodeling

A

maintain bone mass and repairing damage

bone is completely remodeled in 3 years

26
Q

when bone absorption and resorption is happening, what should be going on?

A

should have the same amount going into the blood and same amount building the bone

27
Q

when growing nutrients go into the blood from the bone, this uses?

A

absorption = adding to different spot

28
Q

when adding nutrients back to the top of the bone to make it longer this is using?

A

resorption = taking down to move

29
Q

what is the most common bone disease?

A

osteoporosis

30
Q

osteoporosis fractures are associated with?

A

high incidence of deep vein thrombosis
pulmonary embolism
mortality rate during the few months after surgery

31
Q

two sites of fractures?

A

hip fracture and vertebral fracture

32
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

hump back

33
Q

primary cause of osteoporosis?

A

bone mineral density

34
Q

low bone mineral density results from?

A

failure to achieve optimal peak bone mass during early adulthood
imbalance of bone remodeling, increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation after peak bone mass has been achieved

35
Q

what is peak bone mass?

A

maximum bone density genetically determined

osteoporosis happens when a person fails to reach peak bone mass

36
Q

issues of peak bone mass?

A

90% of your peak bone mass is achieved by 18 and keeps growing till 30
drops in late 30
faster drop after menopause
risk of osteoporosis depends on peak bone mass loss rate

37
Q

non modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A 
white or asain
family history
old
female
premature menopause
long time no period
small frame
38
Q

modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?

A 
inactivity
low intake of calcium and vitamin D
poor general health
prolonged bed rest
smoking
excessive drinking
high intake of protein or sodium or caffeine or pop (lowers calcium intake)
39
Q

how to diagnosis osteoporosis?

A

bone densitometry is the only method
screening for women over 65
best way to tell is by DEXA

40
Q

what is the mother molecule of vitaminD?

A

cholesterol

41
Q

what does vitamin D act as?

A

hormone &

vitamin

42
Q

how to activate vitamin D?

A

cholesterol makes 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin
then it is activated to cholecalcferol (D3)
then to 25-hydroxycholecaciferol in the liver
then to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active D3) in kidney

43
Q

function of vitamin D?

A

fracture prevention

44
Q

how does vitamin D prevent fractures?

A

it regulates calcium homeostasis and bone mineralzation

45
Q

how does vitamin D regulate in the GI tract?

A

it promotes intestinal absorption of calcium by stimulating expression of calbindin (Ca carrier protein)

taking active D3 from kidney to liver making calbindin to raise calcium level in the blood

46
Q

how does vitamin D regulate in the kidney?

A

promotes reabsorption of calcium increasing calcium retention

47
Q

how does vitamin D regulate in bone?

A

mobilizes calcium from bone and initiates bone remodeling process at the same time it promotes calcium Po4 into osteoporotic bone

48
Q

vitamin D deficieny in 2 groups of people?

A

adults

children

49
Q

adult vitamin D deficiency?

A

osteomalacia = soft bone

50
Q

children vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets = bow legs

51
Q

general vitamin D deficiency?

A 
bone pain
chronic pain
restless sleep
muscle weakness
unexplained fatigue
high BP
headache
depression
all very close to immune disease
52
Q

AI for vitamin D and the ages?

A

5 mcg per day ages 1-50
10 mcg per day ages 51-70
15 mcg per day ages 70+

53
Q

sources of vitamin D?

A 
sun
cod liver oil
salmon cooked
milk
butter
egg
54
Q

toxicity of vitamin D?

A

10x RDA

increased calcium absorption increases calcium deposits on soft tissue making kidney stones

advanced nutrition 2 (6 decks)

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