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final on calcium bone osteo. vitamin D Flashcards

1
Q

5 physiological functions of calcium?

A 
structural component of bones and teeth
role in cellular process
muscle contraction
blood clotting 
enzymes
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2
Q

4 calcium deficiencys?

A

rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
tetany (muscle twitch)

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3
Q

4 food sources for calcium?

A

milk products
oysters
broccoli
legumes

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4
Q

% calcium in the blood?

% calcium in bones and teeth?

A

1% in blood

99% bones and teeth

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5
Q

where does calcium digestion occure?

A

in stomach with low pH

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6
Q

where is calcium absorbed?

what does it involve?

A

in small intestine

active transport and diffusion

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7
Q

what % of digestion calcium is absorbed?

A

20-30%

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8
Q

what 5 factors enhance calcium absorption?

A 
acidity chime
pregnancy
deficient
lactose
vitamin D
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9
Q

4 jobs calcium does in the blood?

A

neuoromuscluar excitability
blood coagulation
hormonal secretion
enzymatic regulation

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10
Q

1 job calcium does in the bone?

A

serves as a calcium reservoir or storage

so when calcium is low in the blood it takes it from the bone

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11
Q

how do you get rid of calcium when you have enough?

A

calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and it targets the bone to suppress resorption and tells the kidney to increase excretion

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12
Q 
calcium AI for:
teens
19-50 year olds
50+ year olds
osteoporosis
A 
teens = 1300 mg
19-50 = 1000 mg
50+ = 1200 mg
osteoporosis = 1500 mg
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13
Q

calcium UL?

A

2500 mg

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14
Q

calcium supplementation, 3 types and % calcium in each one and if you take it with food or not?

A

try diet first
calcium carbonate 39% take with food
calcium acetate 32%
calcium citrate 30% dont need food

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15
Q

what is the composition of the bone?

A

the matrix and the cells

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16
Q

the bone matrix is made up of?

A 
compact bone (outside)
spongy bone (inside) this is where the minerals are
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17
Q

what is the bone cells made up of?

A 
basic multicellular units (BMU) called:
osteoclast
osteoblast
osteocyte
bone lining cells
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18
Q

what are the bone cells called osteoclast used for?

A

bone resorption
large multinucleated giant cells
degradation of proteins by enzymes and acid

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19
Q

what are bone cells called osteoblast used for?

A

bone formation
synthesis of matrix proteins
mineralization

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20
Q

what are bone cells called osteocyte?

A

mature osteoblast embedded in the bone or covering the bone surface after modeling/remodeling

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21
Q

what are the bone lining cells used for?

A

protective cells covering bone surface
they move so osteoclast can do its job
(like a door)

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22
Q

what are the 2 phases bone modeling and remodeling have?

A

resorption and formation

23
Q

what cells do modeling and remodeling use?

A

osteoclast and osteoblast

24
Q

what is bone modeling?

A

reshaping bones during growth

resorption and formation may occur in different spots

25
what is bone remodeling
maintain bone mass and repairing damage | bone is completely remodeled in 3 years
26
when bone absorption and resorption is happening, what should be going on?
should have the same amount going into the blood and same amount building the bone
27
when growing nutrients go into the blood from the bone, this uses?
absorption = adding to different spot
28
when adding nutrients back to the top of the bone to make it longer this is using?
resorption = taking down to move
29
what is the most common bone disease?
osteoporosis
30
osteoporosis fractures are associated with?
high incidence of deep vein thrombosis pulmonary embolism mortality rate during the few months after surgery
31
two sites of fractures?
hip fracture and vertebral fracture
32
what is kyphosis?
hump back
33
primary cause of osteoporosis?
bone mineral density
34
low bone mineral density results from?
failure to achieve optimal peak bone mass during early adulthood imbalance of bone remodeling, increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation after peak bone mass has been achieved
35
what is peak bone mass?
maximum bone density genetically determined | osteoporosis happens when a person fails to reach peak bone mass
36
issues of peak bone mass?
90% of your peak bone mass is achieved by 18 and keeps growing till 30 drops in late 30 faster drop after menopause risk of osteoporosis depends on peak bone mass loss rate
37
non modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?
``` white or asain family history old female premature menopause long time no period small frame ```
38
modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?
``` inactivity low intake of calcium and vitamin D poor general health prolonged bed rest smoking excessive drinking high intake of protein or sodium or caffeine or pop (lowers calcium intake) ```
39
how to diagnosis osteoporosis?
bone densitometry is the only method screening for women over 65 best way to tell is by DEXA
40
what is the mother molecule of vitaminD?
cholesterol
41
what does vitamin D act as?
hormone & | vitamin
42
how to activate vitamin D?
cholesterol makes 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin then it is activated to cholecalcferol (D3) then to 25-hydroxycholecaciferol in the liver then to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active D3) in kidney
43
function of vitamin D?
fracture prevention
44
how does vitamin D prevent fractures?
it regulates calcium homeostasis and bone mineralzation
45
how does vitamin D regulate in the GI tract?
it promotes intestinal absorption of calcium by stimulating expression of calbindin (Ca carrier protein) taking active D3 from kidney to liver making calbindin to raise calcium level in the blood
46
how does vitamin D regulate in the kidney?
promotes reabsorption of calcium increasing calcium retention
47
how does vitamin D regulate in bone?
mobilizes calcium from bone and initiates bone remodeling process at the same time it promotes calcium Po4 into osteoporotic bone
48
vitamin D deficieny in 2 groups of people?
adults | children
49
adult vitamin D deficiency?
osteomalacia = soft bone
50
children vitamin D deficiency?
rickets = bow legs
51
general vitamin D deficiency?
``` bone pain chronic pain restless sleep muscle weakness unexplained fatigue high BP headache depression all very close to immune disease ```
52
AI for vitamin D and the ages?
5 mcg per day ages 1-50 10 mcg per day ages 51-70 15 mcg per day ages 70+
53
sources of vitamin D?
``` sun cod liver oil salmon cooked milk butter egg ```
54
toxicity of vitamin D?
10x RDA | increased calcium absorption increases calcium deposits on soft tissue making kidney stones

advanced nutrition 2 (6 decks)

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