Final: Impaired Balance

Question 1

Which term is defined as the dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium

Answer 1

balance/ postural stability

Question 2

Which term is defined as the state of balance and all forces are equal

Answer 2

equilibrium

Question 3

What are the two types of equilibrium

Answer 3

static and dynamic

Question 4

Which type of equilibrium occurs at rest

Answer 4

static

Question 5

Which type of equilibrium occurs is steady state motion

Answer 5

dynamic

Question 6

Which term is described as the center of the total body mass; point where the body is in perfect equilibrium

Answer 6

center of mass

Question 7

Which term is described as the vertical projection of the center of mass to the ground

Answer 7

center of gravity

Question 8

Where is the center of gravity located

Answer 8

slightly anterior to the 2nd sacral vertebra

Question 9

Which term is described as the product of mass multiplied by velocity; linear and angular

Answer 9

momentum

Question 10

Which term is described as the perimeter of contact area between the body and its support surface

Answer 10

Base of support

Question 11

Which term refers to the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing their BOS

Answer 11

limits of stability

Question 12

Which term is described by a complex motor control task involving the detection and integration of sensory information to asses the position and motion of the body in space and the execution of appropriate musculoskeletal responses to control body position within the context of the environment and task

Answer 12

balance control

Question 13

Balance control requires the interaction of what three things?

Answer 13

The nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and contextual effects.

Question 14

The nervous system provides _____ processing for perception of body orientation in space through the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems for balance control.

Answer 14

sensory

Question 15

The nervous system provides _____ integration which is essential for linking sensation to motor responses and for adaptive and anticipatory aspects of postural control for balance control

Answer 15

sensorimotor

Question 16

The nervous system provides ___ strategies for planning, programming, and executing balance responses for balance control

Answer 16

motor

Question 17

What 5 things does the musculoskeletal system provide to balance control

Answer 17

postural alignment
musculoskeletal flexibility
joint integrity
muscle performance
sensation

Question 18

What are the 5 contextual effects that interact with the nervous and musculoskeletal system for balance control

Answer 18

the environment and whether it is open or closed
the support surface and whether it is firm, slippery ….
The amount of lighting
effects of gravity and inertial forces on the body
task characteristic and whether they are learned or new; single or multiple tasks

Question 19

True or False:

Even if all elements of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems are operating effectively, a person may fall if contextual effects force the balance control demands to be so high that the person’s internal mechanisms are overwhelmed

Answer 19

true

Question 20

In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information about the position of the ____ relative to the environment.

Answer 20

head

Question 21

In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information about the orientation of the head to maintain level _____

Answer 21

gaze

Question 22

In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information regarding the direction and speed of head movements. This means as the head moves, surrounding objects move in the (same/opposite) direction

Answer 22

opposite

Question 23

Which of the three systems contributes to head positioning, level of gaze, and the direction and speed of head movement in regards to balance control

Answer 23

visual system

Question 24

If a person has difficulty with proprioception or the vestibular system, how can the visual system improve balance control

Answer 24

by having the patient focus on an object

Question 25

What will happen to balance if a patient is stationary and focusing on an object, and that object starts to move

Answer 25

It will cause an illusion that the patient is moving and make balance worse

Question 26

Which of the three systems provides information about the position and motion of the body and body parts relative to each other and the support surface in regards to balance control

Answer 26

somatosensory

Question 27

Which of the three systems relies on information from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors in regards to balance control

Answer 27

somatosensory system

Question 28

In regards to balance control, what 4 things does the somatosensory system rely on

Answer 28

information from the muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors

Question 29

Which system is the dominant system when the surface is firm, flat/horizontal, and fixed

Answer 29

somatosensory system

Question 30

Which of the three systems provides information about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces

Answer 30

vestibular systems

Question 31

The vestibular system occurs in the (inner/outer) ear

Answer 31

inner

Question 32

Do the semicircular canals or the utricles and saccule deal with angular changes and fast movements like walking

Answer 32

semicircular canals

Question 33

Do the semicircular canals or the utricles and saccule deal with linear changes and slow movements like postural sway

Answer 33

utricles and saccules

Question 34

True or False: By itself, the vestibular system gives information about body position

Answer 34

false it cannot do that by itself

Question 35

What are the three types of balance control

Answer 35

static, dynamic, and automatic postural reactions

Question 36

Which type of balance control remains stable at rest, such as standing and sitting

Answer 36

static

Question 37

Which type of balance control remains stable while the support surface or body is moving such as sit to stand or walking

Answer 37

dynamic

Question 38

Which type of balance control maintains balance in response to unexpected external perturbations like standing on a bus that suddenly accelerates forward

Answer 38

automatic postural reactions

Question 39

What are the three movement strategies used by a healthy adult for balance control

Answer 39

ankle, hip and stepping

Question 40

List some factors that determine which strategy is most effective to address a balance deficit (Hint: There's 6)

Answer 40

speed and intensity of the displacing forces support surfaces magnitude of the displacement of the com subjects awareness of the disturbance subjects posture at the time of perturbation subjects prior experiences

Question 41

Which motor strategy is used for small external perturbations that cause loss of balance in a direction

Answer 41

ankle

Question 42

Is an ankle strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal

Answer 42

distal to proximal

Question 43

Which motor strategy is used for rapid and large external perturbations or for movements executed with the COG near the limits of stability

Answer 43

hip

Question 44

Is the hip strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal

Answer 44

proximal to distal

Question 45

Which motor strategy is used for large forces that displace the COM beyond the limits of stability which makes a person actually step in a direction to maintain balance

Answer 45

stepping

Question 46

Do healthy individuals use one motor strategy or multiple strategies

Answer 46

multiple

Question 47

Do people with impaired balance use one motor strategy or multiple strategies

Answer 47

one

Question 48

Which system may have impairments from decreased proprioception from injury

Answer 48

sensory

Question 49

Which system may have impairments from damage to CNS where incoming sensory information cannot be processed

Answer 49

sensorimotor

Question 50

Which system may have impairments from musculoskeletal or nervous systems; such as poor posture, joint ROM limitation, decreased muscle performance, impaired motor coordination and pain

Answer 50

motor output generation

Question 51

Individuals that take ___ or more meds are at increased risk of falling

Answer 51

4

Question 52

SLS, tandem stance, and romberg stance are used to assess ____ balance

Answer 52

static

Question 53

What is used to assess static balance

Answer 53

SLS tandem stance Romberg stance

Question 54

Tinetti, Berg, TUG, DGI are used to assess ____ balance

Answer 54

dynamic

Question 55

What is used to asses dynamic balance

Answer 55

Tinetti, berg, TUG, DGI

Question 56

Catching a ball, lifting objects, and the functional reach is used to asses _____ control

Answer 56

anticipatory

Question 57

How is anticipatory control assessed

Answer 57

catching a ball, lifting an object, and the functional reach

Question 58

The pull test, postural stress test, patient response to pushes is used to asses _____ control

Answer 58

reactive

Question 59

What is used to asses reactive control

Answer 59

pull test, postural stress test, and patient response to pushes

Question 60

CTSIB is used to asses _____ organization

Answer 60

sensory

Question 61

What is used to asses sensory organization

Answer 61

CTSIB