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Therapeutic Exercise > Final: Impaired Balance > Flashcards

Final: Impaired Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Which term is defined as the dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium

A

balance/ postural stability

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2
Q

Which term is defined as the state of balance and all forces are equal

A

equilibrium

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3
Q

What are the two types of equilibrium

A

static and dynamic

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4
Q

Which type of equilibrium occurs at rest

A

static

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5
Q

Which type of equilibrium occurs is steady state motion

A

dynamic

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6
Q

Which term is described as the center of the total body mass; point where the body is in perfect equilibrium

A

center of mass

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7
Q

Which term is described as the vertical projection of the center of mass to the ground

A

center of gravity

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8
Q

Where is the center of gravity located

A

slightly anterior to the 2nd sacral vertebra

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9
Q

Which term is described as the product of mass multiplied by velocity; linear and angular

A

momentum

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10
Q

Which term is described as the perimeter of contact area between the body and its support surface

A

Base of support

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11
Q

Which term refers to the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing their BOS

A

limits of stability

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12
Q

Which term is described by a complex motor control task involving the detection and integration of sensory information to asses the position and motion of the body in space and the execution of appropriate musculoskeletal responses to control body position within the context of the environment and task

A

balance control

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13
Q

Balance control requires the interaction of what three things?

A

The nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and contextual effects.

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14
Q

The nervous system provides _____ processing for perception of body orientation in space through the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems for balance control.

A

sensory

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15
Q

The nervous system provides _____ integration which is essential for linking sensation to motor responses and for adaptive and anticipatory aspects of postural control for balance control

A

sensorimotor

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16
Q

The nervous system provides ___ strategies for planning, programming, and executing balance responses for balance control

A

motor

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17
Q

What 5 things does the musculoskeletal system provide to balance control

A 
postural alignment
musculoskeletal flexibility
joint integrity
muscle performance
sensation
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18
Q

What are the 5 contextual effects that interact with the nervous and musculoskeletal system for balance control

A

the environment and whether it is open or closed
the support surface and whether it is firm, slippery ….
The amount of lighting
effects of gravity and inertial forces on the body
task characteristic and whether they are learned or new; single or multiple tasks

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19
Q

True or False:

Even if all elements of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems are operating effectively, a person may fall if contextual effects force the balance control demands to be so high that the person’s internal mechanisms are overwhelmed

A

true

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20
Q

In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information about the position of the ____ relative to the environment.

A

head

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21
Q

In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information about the orientation of the head to maintain level _____

A

gaze

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22
Q

In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information regarding the direction and speed of head movements. This means as the head moves, surrounding objects move in the (same/opposite) direction

A

opposite

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23
Q

Which of the three systems contributes to head positioning, level of gaze, and the direction and speed of head movement in regards to balance control

A

visual system

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24
Q

If a person has difficulty with proprioception or the vestibular system, how can the visual system improve balance control

A

by having the patient focus on an object

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25
Q

What will happen to balance if a patient is stationary and focusing on an object, and that object starts to move

A

It will cause an illusion that the patient is moving and make balance worse

26
Q

Which of the three systems provides information about the position and motion of the body and body parts relative to each other and the support surface in regards to balance control

A

somatosensory

27
Q

Which of the three systems relies on information from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors in regards to balance control

A

somatosensory system

28
Q

In regards to balance control, what 4 things does the somatosensory system rely on

A

information from the muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors

29
Q

Which system is the dominant system when the surface is firm, flat/horizontal, and fixed

A

somatosensory system

30
Q

Which of the three systems provides information about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces

A

vestibular systems

31
Q

The vestibular system occurs in the (inner/outer) ear

A

inner

32
Q

Do the semicircular canals or the utricles and saccule deal with angular changes and fast movements like walking

A

semicircular canals

33
Q

Do the semicircular canals or the utricles and saccule deal with linear changes and slow movements like postural sway

A

utricles and saccules

34
Q

True or False:

By itself, the vestibular system gives information about body position

A

false it cannot do that by itself

35
Q

What are the three types of balance control

A

static, dynamic, and automatic postural reactions

36
Q

Which type of balance control remains stable at rest, such as standing and sitting

A

static

37
Q

Which type of balance control remains stable while the support surface or body is moving such as sit to stand or walking

A

dynamic

38
Q

Which type of balance control maintains balance in response to unexpected external perturbations like standing on a bus that suddenly accelerates forward

A

automatic postural reactions

39
Q

What are the three movement strategies used by a healthy adult for balance control

A

ankle, hip and stepping

40
Q

List some factors that determine which strategy is most effective to address a balance deficit (Hint: There’s 6)

A

speed and intensity of the displacing forces
support surfaces
magnitude of the displacement of the com
subjects awareness of the disturbance
subjects posture at the time of perturbation
subjects prior experiences

41
Q

Which motor strategy is used for small external perturbations that cause loss of balance in a direction

A

ankle

42
Q

Is an ankle strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal

A

distal to proximal

43
Q

Which motor strategy is used for rapid and large external perturbations or for movements executed with the COG near the limits of stability

A

hip

44
Q

Is the hip strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal

A

proximal to distal

45
Q

Which motor strategy is used for large forces that displace the COM beyond the limits of stability which makes a person actually step in a direction to maintain balance

A

stepping

46
Q

Do healthy individuals use one motor strategy or multiple strategies

A

multiple

47
Q

Do people with impaired balance use one motor strategy or multiple strategies

A

one

48
Q

Which system may have impairments from decreased proprioception from injury

A

sensory

49
Q

Which system may have impairments from damage to CNS where incoming sensory information cannot be processed

A

sensorimotor

50
Q

Which system may have impairments from musculoskeletal or nervous systems; such as poor posture, joint ROM limitation, decreased muscle performance, impaired motor coordination and pain

A

motor output generation

51
Q

Individuals that take ___ or more meds are at increased risk of falling

A

4

52
Q

SLS, tandem stance, and romberg stance are used to assess ____ balance

A

static

53
Q

What is used to assess static balance

A

SLS
tandem stance
Romberg stance

54
Q

Tinetti, Berg, TUG, DGI are used to assess ____ balance

A

dynamic

55
Q

What is used to asses dynamic balance

A

Tinetti, berg, TUG, DGI

56
Q

Catching a ball, lifting objects, and the functional reach is used to asses _____ control

A

anticipatory

57
Q

How is anticipatory control assessed

A

catching a ball, lifting an object, and the functional reach

58
Q

The pull test, postural stress test, patient response to pushes is used to asses _____ control

A

reactive

59
Q

What is used to asses reactive control

A

pull test, postural stress test, and patient response to pushes

60
Q

CTSIB is used to asses _____ organization

A

sensory

61
Q

What is used to asses sensory organization

A

CTSIB

Therapeutic Exercise (9 decks)

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