Final: Impaired Balance Flashcards
Which term is defined as the dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium
balance/ postural stability
Which term is defined as the state of balance and all forces are equal
equilibrium
What are the two types of equilibrium
static and dynamic
Which type of equilibrium occurs at rest
static
Which type of equilibrium occurs is steady state motion
dynamic
Which term is described as the center of the total body mass; point where the body is in perfect equilibrium
center of mass
Which term is described as the vertical projection of the center of mass to the ground
center of gravity
Where is the center of gravity located
slightly anterior to the 2nd sacral vertebra
Which term is described as the product of mass multiplied by velocity; linear and angular
momentum
Which term is described as the perimeter of contact area between the body and its support surface
Base of support
Which term refers to the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing their BOS
limits of stability
Which term is described by a complex motor control task involving the detection and integration of sensory information to asses the position and motion of the body in space and the execution of appropriate musculoskeletal responses to control body position within the context of the environment and task
balance control
Balance control requires the interaction of what three things?
The nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and contextual effects.
The nervous system provides _____ processing for perception of body orientation in space through the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems for balance control.
sensory
The nervous system provides _____ integration which is essential for linking sensation to motor responses and for adaptive and anticipatory aspects of postural control for balance control
sensorimotor
The nervous system provides ___ strategies for planning, programming, and executing balance responses for balance control
motor
What 5 things does the musculoskeletal system provide to balance control
postural alignment musculoskeletal flexibility joint integrity muscle performance sensation
What are the 5 contextual effects that interact with the nervous and musculoskeletal system for balance control
the environment and whether it is open or closed
the support surface and whether it is firm, slippery ….
The amount of lighting
effects of gravity and inertial forces on the body
task characteristic and whether they are learned or new; single or multiple tasks
True or False:
Even if all elements of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems are operating effectively, a person may fall if contextual effects force the balance control demands to be so high that the person’s internal mechanisms are overwhelmed
true
In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information about the position of the ____ relative to the environment.
head
In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information about the orientation of the head to maintain level _____
gaze
In regards to balance control, the visual system provides information regarding the direction and speed of head movements. This means as the head moves, surrounding objects move in the (same/opposite) direction
opposite
Which of the three systems contributes to head positioning, level of gaze, and the direction and speed of head movement in regards to balance control
visual system
If a person has difficulty with proprioception or the vestibular system, how can the visual system improve balance control
by having the patient focus on an object
What will happen to balance if a patient is stationary and focusing on an object, and that object starts to move
It will cause an illusion that the patient is moving and make balance worse
Which of the three systems provides information about the position and motion of the body and body parts relative to each other and the support surface in regards to balance control
somatosensory
Which of the three systems relies on information from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors in regards to balance control
somatosensory system
In regards to balance control, what 4 things does the somatosensory system rely on
information from the muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors
Which system is the dominant system when the surface is firm, flat/horizontal, and fixed
somatosensory system
Which of the three systems provides information about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces
vestibular systems
The vestibular system occurs in the (inner/outer) ear
inner
Do the semicircular canals or the utricles and saccule deal with angular changes and fast movements like walking
semicircular canals
Do the semicircular canals or the utricles and saccule deal with linear changes and slow movements like postural sway
utricles and saccules
True or False:
By itself, the vestibular system gives information about body position
false it cannot do that by itself
What are the three types of balance control
static, dynamic, and automatic postural reactions
Which type of balance control remains stable at rest, such as standing and sitting
static
Which type of balance control remains stable while the support surface or body is moving such as sit to stand or walking
dynamic
Which type of balance control maintains balance in response to unexpected external perturbations like standing on a bus that suddenly accelerates forward
automatic postural reactions
What are the three movement strategies used by a healthy adult for balance control
ankle, hip and stepping
List some factors that determine which strategy is most effective to address a balance deficit (Hint: There’s 6)
speed and intensity of the displacing forces
support surfaces
magnitude of the displacement of the com
subjects awareness of the disturbance
subjects posture at the time of perturbation
subjects prior experiences
Which motor strategy is used for small external perturbations that cause loss of balance in a direction
ankle
Is an ankle strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal
distal to proximal
Which motor strategy is used for rapid and large external perturbations or for movements executed with the COG near the limits of stability
hip
Is the hip strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal
proximal to distal
Which motor strategy is used for large forces that displace the COM beyond the limits of stability which makes a person actually step in a direction to maintain balance
stepping
Do healthy individuals use one motor strategy or multiple strategies
multiple
Do people with impaired balance use one motor strategy or multiple strategies
one
Which system may have impairments from decreased proprioception from injury
sensory
Which system may have impairments from damage to CNS where incoming sensory information cannot be processed
sensorimotor
Which system may have impairments from musculoskeletal or nervous systems; such as poor posture, joint ROM limitation, decreased muscle performance, impaired motor coordination and pain
motor output generation
Individuals that take ___ or more meds are at increased risk of falling
4
SLS, tandem stance, and romberg stance are used to assess ____ balance
static
What is used to assess static balance
SLS
tandem stance
Romberg stance
Tinetti, Berg, TUG, DGI are used to assess ____ balance
dynamic
What is used to asses dynamic balance
Tinetti, berg, TUG, DGI
Catching a ball, lifting objects, and the functional reach is used to asses _____ control
anticipatory
How is anticipatory control assessed
catching a ball, lifting an object, and the functional reach
The pull test, postural stress test, patient response to pushes is used to asses _____ control
reactive
What is used to asses reactive control
pull test, postural stress test, and patient response to pushes
CTSIB is used to asses _____ organization
sensory
What is used to asses sensory organization
CTSIB
