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Therapeutic Exercise > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of therapeutic exercise

A

the systematic, planned performance of physical movements, postures, or activities intended to provide a patient/client with 4 key things.

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2
Q

Therapeutic exercise 1.remediates or _____ impairments of body functions and structure. 2. Improve, restore or enhance activities and _____ 3. Prevent or reduce ____ ____ 4. _____ overall health, fitness, or sense of well-being

A
  1. prevents 2. participation 3. risk factors 4. optimize
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3
Q

Therapeutic exercise falls under the category of procedural _______.

A

interventions

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4
Q

How many types of procedural interventions are commonly selected by physical therapists?

A

9

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5
Q

What forms the core of most physical therapy plans of care?

A

The 9 types of procedural interventions

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6
Q

List the first three types of therapeutic exercise interventions

A
  1. aerobic conditions and reconditioning 2. Muscle performance exercise like strength, power, and endurance 3.Stretching techniques like joint mobs/manipulation and muscle lengthening
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7
Q

List the second three types of therapeutic exercise interventions

A
  1. Neuromuscular control and postural awareness 2. Postural control and stabilization 3. Balance and agility training
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8
Q

List the last three types of therapeutic exercise interventions

A
  1. Relaxation exercises 2. Breathing exercises and ventilator muscle training 3. Task-specific functional training
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9
Q

What are the clinical considerations regarding examination that direct the type of therapeutic intervention used on a patient

A

Pathology, impairments, functional limitations, disability, risk reduction, and health/wellness needs

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10
Q

Instead of saying impairment, what should we technically say

A

body structure and function repairments

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11
Q

Consequences of pathological conditions that display signs and symptoms that reflect abnormalities within the body are _______

A

impairments

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12
Q

What body systems do PTs generally address impairments to

A

musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular/pulmonary, and integumentary

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13
Q

Instead of saying functional limitation, what should we technically say

A

activity limitations

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14
Q

Functional limitations occur at the level of the ______ person

A

whole

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15
Q

What is the result of body function and structure impairment

A

a functional limitation/activity limitation

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16
Q

_____ is characterized by reduced ability of a person to perform actions or components of motor skills in an efficient or typically expected manner

A

Functional/activity limitations

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17
Q

Decreased ROM of shoulder may lead to an inability to reach overhead while trying to brush hair. What is this an example of

A

functional/activity limitations

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18
Q

List some common functional/activity limitations

A

lifting/carrying throwing/catching squatting/kneeling

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19
Q

What is the inability to perform or participate in activities or tasks related to one’s self, the home, work, recreation, or the community in a manner or to the extent that the individual or community as whole perceive as normal

A

disability/participation restriction

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20
Q

Instead of saying disability, we should technically say _______

A

participation restriction

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21
Q

To make sure the patient has a safe environment to exercise in, what are three things to consider?

A
  1. Patient’s Hx and current health 2. Prepare the environment 3. Accuracy of body alignment, intensity, speed, and duration
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22
Q

True or False: Ther-ex designed by PTs are generalized programs that help the patient achieve optimal function

A

False, they are not generalized they are individualized

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23
Q

What is the definition of a patient

A

An individual with impairments and functional limitations diagnosed by a PT and receiving PT care to improve function and prevent disability

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24
Q

What is the definition of a client

A

An individual without diagnosed dysfunction who engages in PT services to promote health and wellness and prevent dysfunction

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25
Q

What are some questions to ask the patient to establish patient-centered goals and outcomes

A

“What activities do you like doing and what activities do you need help with?” “What are your goals for PT and how soon do you want to reach them?” “Which problems can we try to eliminate first?”

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26
Q

As a PT, how am I going to give the patient exercise instructions effectively?

A

Be in a non-distracting environment and demonstrate the movement in front of the patient. Use clear, concise verbal and written directions. Use pictures and provide feedback. Teach program in small increments

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27
Q

What are some ways to foster adherence to an exercise program?

A

Point out progress the patient has made, allow input from the patient, explain the rationale and importance of each exercise

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28
Q

The ability to align body segments against gravity to maintain or move the body within the available base of support without falling is ________

A

balance

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29
Q

The ability to move the body in equilibrium with gravity through interactions of sensory and motor systems is _____

A

balance

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30
Q

The ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, total body movements over an extended period of time like walking, jogging, swimming is_________

A

Cardiopulmonary fitness

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31
Q

The correct timing and sequencing of muscle firing combined with the appropriate intensity if muscular contraction leading to the effective initiation, guiding, and grading of movement is ______

A

coordination

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32
Q

The ability to move freely, without restriction and is used interchangeably with mobility

A

flexibility

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33
Q

The ability of structures or segments of the body to move or be moved in order to allow the occurrence of ROM for functional activities

A

mobility

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34
Q

What is the capacity of muscle to produce tension and do physical work that encompasses strength, power, and muscular endurance

A

muscle performance

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35
Q

The interaction of the sensory and motor systems that enables synergists, agonists, and antagonists as well as stabilizers and neutralizers to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information and, subsequently to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement

A

Neuromuscular control

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36
Q

______ is used interchangeably with static or dynamic balance

A

Postural control, postural stability or equilibrium

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37
Q

The ability of the neuromuscular system through synergistic muscle actions to hold a proximal or distal segment in a stationary position or to control a stable base during superimposed movement is ______

A

stability

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38
Q

______ is the maintenance of proper alignment of bony partners of a joint by means of passive and dynamic component

A

Joint stability

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39
Q

____ is the force per unity area

A

stress

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40
Q

_____ is a force or load placed on the material/tissue

A

stress

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41
Q

What is a strain?

A

Change in size and shape of material/tissue; deformation

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42
Q

What are the different types of stresses or loads

A

Tension, compression bending, shear, torsion, or combined

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43
Q

What are the different regions of the stress-strain curve in order of which they occur

A

Toe region, elastic region, plastic range, failure

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44
Q

Which region of the stress-strain curve is the slack is the tissue at the beginning of the graph

A

toe region

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45
Q

Which region of the stress-strain curve is the region where direct proportional ability of the tissue to resist the force

A

Elastic range

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46
Q

what is another term for the elastic range

A

linear phase

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47
Q

Which region of the stress-strain curve is the point to which tissue does not return to its original shape or size

A

Elastic limit

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48
Q

Which region of the stress-strain curve is where permanent changes of tissue occur

A

plastic range

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49
Q

Which region of the stress-strain curve occurs when the stress or load is too much and the tissue breaks, tears, or fails.

A

failure

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50
Q

What term describes the permanent deformation due to load applied over an extended period

A

creep

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51
Q

what term describes material that deforms when it is loaded for a prolonged tie

A

creep

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52
Q

True or False: Creep occurs because a load is placed on a tissue for a long period of time. As the tissue changes, the load also changes

A

False, the load is constant even as the material deforms

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53
Q

A dynamic splint is used for patients with a limited ROM. If a patient is in the splint for 10 weeks and the muscle shortens over time, this is an example of ____

A

creep

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54
Q

What two factors does creep rely on?

A

Strain and time

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55
Q

Explain the concept of stress-relaxation

A

A force or load is applied to stretch or strain a tissue and the length/strain is kept constant

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56
Q

In stress relaxation stretch, does the force/load increase, decrease, or stay the same as the tissue is deformed

A

decreases

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57
Q

_____-_____ occurs when material/tissue is strained or deformed to a given dimension with load and maintained at that strain

A

Stress-relaxation

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58
Q

Serial casting is used when a child walks on their toes too much. The child is put into dorsiflexion and over two weeks the tissue starts to relax and the load is lessened. This is an example of _____

A

stress-relaxation

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59
Q

According to the tissue stress model, what is a common denominator in most tissues

A

They require stimulation of non-destructive stresses to maintain health like the SAID principle

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60
Q

what does the SAID principle stand for

A

Specific adaptation to imposed demands

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61
Q

What does the term “non-destructive stress” mean?

A

Putting a stress or load on a tissue within normal limits like walking and getting up and moving for the tissue to stay healthy

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62
Q

Cartilage nutrition, muscle strength, ligament strength & their bony attachments, tensile strength of tendon are all promoted by _______ activity or ________ forces/stresses

A

increased; controlled

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63
Q

True or False: Prolonged immobilization and non-weight bearing has detrimental effects on tissues

A

true

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64
Q

Various tissues need ____ levels of stress or loads

A

optimal

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65
Q

If there is too little stress on a tissue, _____ occurs. IF there is too much stress on a tissue ______ occurs

A

weakness; destructive force/damage

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66
Q

What are the three main factors of optimal loading zone alteration

A
  1. age 2. Adaptive change/shortening 3. Injury/disease
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67
Q

What are the specialized types of connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood

68
Q

What are the two branches of connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense

69
Q

What are the two sub-branches of dense connective tissue

A

regular and irregular

70
Q

What type of connective tissue are tendons, ligaments, and joint caps

A

Regular dense connective tissue

71
Q

Remobilization for (muscle/tendon) is lengthy rehabilitation that is necessary to restore muscle performance especially with longer immobilization

A

muscle

72
Q

Remobilization for (muscle/tendon) is controlled mechanical stress that increases tensile strength, and energy absorption capacity, facilitates normal gliding and soft tissue relationships, and prevents excessive scar formation

A

tendon

73
Q

The remobilization of a ______ can restore structural and mechanical properties of ligaments but takes longer than the original immobilization period

A

ligaments

74
Q

Remobilization of _______ have effects of time and load dependent; progressive joint deterioration may ensue with inappropriate loading post-immobilization

A

articular cartilage

75
Q

Remobilization of ____ depends upon the quality prior immobilization, may return to normal faster or bone changes may not be reversed

A

bone

76
Q

When performing ROM which structures in the region are affected

A

all of them

77
Q

To maintain normal ROM, segments must be moved through their available ranges _______

A

periodically

78
Q

What three factors can lead to a decreased ROM

A
  1. Systemic, joint, neurological, or muscular disease 2. Surgical or traumatic insults 3. Inactivity or immbolization
79
Q

What is therapeutic ROM administered to do?

A

maintain join and soft tissue mobility to minimize loss of tissue flexibility and contracture formation

80
Q

What are the types of ROM Exercises

A

Passive, active, active-assisted

81
Q

Which type of ROM exercise is the movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force; little or no voluntary muscle contraction

A

PROM

82
Q

What are some examples of external forces?

A

gravity, a machine, another individual, or another part of the individual’s own body

83
Q

Which type of ROM exercise is the movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles crossing the joint

A

AROM

84
Q

Which type of ROM exercise is a type of AROM in which assistance is provided manually or mechanically by an outside force because the prime mover muscle need assistance to complete the motion

A

AAROM

85
Q

What is an example of an AAROM

A

over the door pulleys, shoulder exercises with a dowel rod

86
Q

What are the indications of PROM

A

acute, inflamed tissue, when a patient in not able or supposed to actively move a segment of the body because of surgery, best rest, comatose, or paralysis

87
Q

True or False AROM is beneficial in a region where there is acute or inflamed tissue

A

False, it would be detrimental. PROM is beneficial

88
Q

What is the main goal of PROM

A

Decrease complications that can occur with immobilization

89
Q

What are the indications of AROM/AAROM

A

When a patient is able to contract muscles with or without assistance.

90
Q

Types of ROM- _____ should be started on weak muscles then progress to full ____ as patient is able

A

AAROM; AROM

91
Q

Types of ROM- If a patient has a segment immobilized, ______ is used on the segments above and below to maintain mobility

A

AROM

92
Q

What are the goals of AROM/AAROM

A

Maintain elasticity and contractility of muscles, provide sensory feedback from muscles and for bone and joint integrity, increase circulation/prevent thrombus, develop coordination and motor skills

93
Q

ROM exercises- Limitations of ______ are that it does not prevent atrophy, does not increase strength or endurance, and does not assist with circulation

A

PROM

94
Q

ROM exercises- Limitations of _____ are that is does not maintain or increase strength, and it does not develop skill or coordination except in the movement patterns used

A

AROM

95
Q

What are two contraindications of ROM exercises

A
  1. If the movement is disruptive to the healing process 2. If patient response of the condition is life-threatening
96
Q

What are the signs that too much or the wrong ROM exercise is being used

A

increased pain or inflammation

97
Q

When can the progression from PROM to AROM be made?

A

once healing restrictions from injury or surgery are gone or once light muscle activation is not painful to the patient

98
Q

When can the progression from AAROM to AROM be made?

A

when the patient is able to tolerate less assist from self or device being used for AAROM. It is usually easy for the patient to judge their own tolerance

99
Q

When progressing from one ROM exercise to another, the patient may be required to do _____ initially and slowly _____ reps back up

A

less; increase

100
Q

_____ ______ is any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

A

Resistance Exercise

101
Q

Resistance exercise is an essential element for rehab of persons with impaired ______ _______

A

muscle performance

102
Q

What does muscle performance refer to?

A

the capacity of a muscle to do work

103
Q

What is the definition of work

A

force x distance

104
Q

What are 3 Key elements of muscle performance

A

strength, power, and edurance

105
Q

What is the ability of a contractile tissue to produce tension and a resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle

A

Strength

106
Q

What is the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces, contemplated or imposed, during functional activities, in a smoot, coordinated manner

A

functional strength

107
Q

What is the systematic procedure of a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy loads for a relatively low number of repetitions over a short period of time

A

strength training

108
Q

What is defined as work produced by a muscle per unit of time or the rate of performing work

A

power

109
Q

what is the equation for power

A

force x distance/time

110
Q

The relationship of force and velocity are factors that affect ____ ____

A

muscle power

111
Q

In terms of power training, ____ _____ is a necessary foundation for developing muscle power

A

muscle strength

112
Q

The (greater/lesser) the intensity of exercise and the (longer/shorter) the time period taken to generate force, the greater the muscle power

A

greater; shorter

113
Q

What is the ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time

A

endurance

114
Q

True or False: Strength and muscle endurance are always correlated with each other

A

False, some people are very strong and can over come a force but they can’t do it over a longer period of time

115
Q

What is characterized by having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time

A

endurance training

116
Q

True or False: Many patients with impaired muscle performance have seen a greater impact from resistance training over strength training

A

true

117
Q

what are the three principles that guide resistance training

A
  1. Overload principle 2. SAID principle 3. Reversibility Principle
118
Q

Which principle of resistance training states that If muscle performance is to improve, the muscle must be challenged to perform at a level greater than that to which it is accustomed

A

overload principle

119
Q

Which principle of resistance training states If the demand remains constant after the muscle has adapted, the level of muscle performance can be maintained but not increased.

A

overload principle

120
Q

What does the application of the overload principle look like

A

Focus on the progressive loading of the muscle by manipulating the intensity or volume of the exercise

121
Q

What is the definition of intensity

A

how much weight is imposed on the muscle

122
Q

What is the definition of volume

A

encompasses variables such as repetitions, sets, or frequency of exercise

123
Q

In a strength program, how is the overload principle applied

A

the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased

124
Q

During endurance training, how is the overload principle applied

A

more emphasis on increasing the time a muscle contraction is sustained or increase the number of reps rather than increasing resistance

125
Q

What are the precautions of the overload principle

A

It must be applied in context to a persons age, pathology, stage of healing, fatigue, and ability of the patient. The muscles must also be given time to adapt to increased demands before load or reps are increased again

126
Q

What does SAID stand for

A

specific adaptations to imposed demands

127
Q

The said principle is an extension of which law

A

Wolff’s law

128
Q

What is Wolff’s law

A

Body systems adapt over time to stresses placed on them

129
Q

Which principle of resistance training helps the therapist determine the exercise prescription and which parameters of exercise should be selected to create specific training effects that best meet specific functional needs

A

SAID principle

130
Q

Which principle of resistance training is highly specific to the training method employed and always emphasizes task specific practice

A

SAID principle

131
Q

How does the SAID principle have effects on transfer or training relating to strength and endurance

A

Strength is good for endurance athletes, but endurance is not always helpful for strength athletes

132
Q

Which resistance exercise principle states that changes made through strength/endurance training are short-lived unless training-induced changes are used regularly for functional activities or unless individuals participate in a maintenance program of resistance exercise

A

Reversibility principle

133
Q

Which resistance exercise principle relates to the statement “If you don’t use it, you lose it”

A

Reversibility Principle

134
Q

When does detraining begin after sopping a resistance exercise program?

A

within a week or two after stopping it

135
Q

What are some factors that can affect the muscle’s ability to develop and sustain tension?

A

energy stores, fatigue, recovery from exercise, age, gender, and cognitive status

136
Q

What is the diminished response of muscle to a repeated stimulus and reflected in the progressive decrease in the muscle’s ability to fire

A

Muscle fatigue

137
Q

What are signs of fatigue

A

discomfort or pain, tremors in contracting muscle, jerky active movements, inability to complete the movement, and a decline in peak torque

138
Q

_____ time for recovery from exercise is a must with every resistance program

A

adequate

139
Q

Light exercise may aid in recovery of resistance training, most likely due to _____ and _____ influences

A

neural and circulatory

140
Q

A precaution of recovery from resistance training is that long term improvements in muscle performance is only achieved if the patient is allowed _______ time to recover from fatigue

A

adequate

141
Q

Alignment, stabilization, dosage, mode, velocity, periodization, and integration of exercise are considered _______ of resistance exercise

A

determinants

142
Q

Why is alignment and stabilization an important determinant of resistance exercise

A

To strengthen a specific muscle effectively and avoid substitute motions, appropriate positioning of the body and limb is essential

143
Q

____ is the amount of resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

A

intensity

144
Q

____ is the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during and single exercise session multiplied by the resistance used.

A

volume

145
Q

True or false: The order of exercises during a session can have an impact on muscle fatigue

A

true

146
Q

What is the order resistance exercise should be in to control fatigue?

A

Large muscle groups before small multi joints before single joints higher intensity before lower intensity

147
Q

What are the two factors that frequency of resistance training is dependent on

A

intensity and volume

148
Q

The total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out is _____

A

duration

149
Q

____ ____ is a critical element, necessary to allow time for the body to recuperate from the acute effects of exercise associated with muscle fatigue or to offset adverse responses such as muscle soreness

A

rest interval

150
Q

What is the term that refers to the form of exercise, type of contraction, and manner its carried out

A

modes of exercise

151
Q

Modes of exercise for resistance training should mimic _____ ______

A

functional activity

152
Q

What is the velocity of exercise

A

the speed at which muscles contract that affects muscle tension, muscular strength, and endurace

153
Q

_____Builds systematic variations in exercise intensity and repetitions, sets, or frequency at regular intervals over a specified period of time

A

periodization

154
Q

What are the different types of resistance exercises

A

Manual, mechanical, isometric, dynamic, DCER,, isokinetic, open chain, closed chain

155
Q

Which type of resistance exercise involves resistance that is provided by a therapist

A

Manual resistance

156
Q

Manual resistance is useful in the (early/late) stages of exercise program

A

Early

157
Q

Which type of resistance exercise is a form of active-resistive exercises in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus

A

Mechanical resistance

158
Q

Mechanical therapy is useful when resistance necessary is (greater/lesser) than what therapist can apply manually

A

greater

159
Q

Isometric exercise is also called a _____ exercise

A

static

160
Q

Which type of resistance exercise is a static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without noticeable change in length of muscle and without visible joint motion

A

Isometric exercise

161
Q

Which type of resistance exercise includes holding against a force applied manually, holding a weight in a particular position, pushing or pulling an immoveable object

A

isometric

162
Q

What are the three categories of isometric exercises

A
  1. muscle setting 2. stabilization 3. Multi-angle isometrics
163
Q

Muscle setting in isometrics 1. (high/low) intensity contraction 2. (some/none) appreciable resistance 3. (does/does not) improve strength

A
  1. low 2. none 3. does not
164
Q

Why are isometric exercises used to treat?

A

decrease pain and spasm, promote relaxation and circulation

165
Q

What is the term that is used to develop a sustained level of co-contraction to improve posture or dynamic stability of a joint by means of mid-range contractions against resistance in antigravity and WB positions when allowed

A

stabilization isometrics

Therapeutic Exercise (9 decks)

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