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Therapeutic Exercise > Exam 2: Resistance > Flashcards

Exam 2: Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

How is multi-angle isometrics performed?

A

Either manually or mechanically at multiple angles within available ROM

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2
Q

When is multi-angle isometrics performed?

A

When the goal is increased strength throughout range when joint ROM is permissible but dynamic exercise is painful or inadvisable

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3
Q

What are some indications to use isometric exercise?

A
  1. Prevent muscle atrophy 2. activate muscles and re-establish neuromuscular control 3. develop postural/joint stability 4. Improve strength when movement causes pain 5. develop static muscle strength at specific points during ROM
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4
Q

Fill in Blank in regards to isometric exercise intensity: _____ duration: _____ repetitions: _____

A

intensity varies duration should be 6-10 seconds repetitions: “good for increasing effectiveness”

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5
Q

Gains in muscle strength occur very (far/near) training angle. __ - __ points in ROM is recommended to increase static strength only during isometric exercise

A

near; 4-6

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6
Q

What are the precautions of isometric exercise

A

contractions should be gradual, make sure the patient is controlling their breath and not holding it in

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7
Q

What are the contraindications of isometric exercise

A

high intensity isometrics may be bad for patients with a history of cardiac or vascular disorder

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8
Q

a _____ muscle contraction causes joint movement and excursion of a body segment as the muscle contracts and shortens or lengthens under tension

A

dynamic

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9
Q

_____ contraction is a physical shortening of the muscle against a force

A

concentric

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10
Q

_____ contraction is a physical lengthening of the muscle as it attempts to control a load

A

eccentric

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11
Q

What is the rational for the use of dynamic exercise

A

most daily tasks involve concentric and eccentric movements so doing dynamic exercise makes therapy more functional

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12
Q

(concentric/eccentric) exercise recruits a larger number of muscle units to control the same load as compared to an (concentric/eccentric) contraction

A

concentric; eccentric

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13
Q

(concentric/eccentric) exercise can be done with larger loads, however at the end of an exercise program the strength gains appear to be similar to (concentric/eccentric)

A

eccentric; concentric

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14
Q

True or False: Concentric exercise tends to cause greater delayed-onset muscle soreness

A

false, eccentric does

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15
Q

Which type of resistance training is “a mainstay of resistance programs”

A

DCER

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16
Q

What does DCER stand for

A

dynamic constant external resistance exercise

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17
Q

which type of resistance training occurs when a limb moves through a ROM against a constant external load, provided by free weights, weight machines, or pulley systems

A

DCER

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18
Q

DCER requires both concentric and eccentric contractions to control the load and is used instead of “______”

A

isotonic

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19
Q

What is a limitation of DCER

A

the muscle is challenged maximally at only one point in the ROM

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20
Q

Which type of resistance exercise is a form of dynamic exercise in which the velocity of muscle shortening or lengthening and angular limb velocity is predetermined and held constant by a rate limiting device known as an isokinetic dynamometer

A

isokinetic exercise

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21
Q

isokinetic exercise is a form of ______ exercise

A

dynamic

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22
Q

Isokinetic exercise has a _______ carry-over to function

A

questionable

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23
Q

_____ exercise is completely unrestricted movement is space of a peripheral segment of the body

A

open chain

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24
Q

______ exercise occurs when a terminal segment is fixed and the encountered resistance moves the proximal segment over the stationary distal segment

A

closed chain

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25
Q

True or False: The action of the muscles when the distal segment is in contact with the ground (closed chain) or free to move (open chain)

A

true

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26
Q

What are some characteristics of open chain exercise

A

independent joint movement the body segment movement is distal to the moving joint muscle activation in the prime mover Performed in NWB positions external stabilization is usually required

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27
Q

What are some characteristics of closed chain exercises

A

interdependent joint movements body segment moving can be proximal or distal to the moving joint muscle activation in multiple muscle group Performed in WB positions uses axial loading

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28
Q

(open/closed) chain exercises are better at improving muscle performance of a specific muscle or group

A

open chain

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29
Q

in (early/late) phases of rehab the choice of open chain exercises allow for more control than closed chain

A

early

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30
Q

(open/closed) chain exercises are thought to promote dynamic stability

A

closed chain

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31
Q

(open/closed) chain exercises are better for instabilities

A

closed chain

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32
Q

(open/closed) chain exercises is best for improved balance and postural control

A

closed chain

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33
Q

What are the parameters of closed chain exercises

A

% body weight base of support support surface balance excursion of limb movement plane or direction of movement speed of movement or directional changes

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34
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “% Body Weight” for closed chain exercises

A

partial -> full WB

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35
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “base of support” for closed chain exercises

A

wide -> narrow bilateral -> unilateral fixed surface -> movable surface ->

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36
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “support surface” for closed chain exercises

A

stable -> unstable/moving Height: ground level -> low step, medium stem, high step

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37
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “balance” for closed chain exercises

A

with external support -> no external support eyes open -> eyes closed

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38
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “excursion of limb movement” for closed chain exercises

A

small range -> large range short arc -> full arc

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39
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “plane or direction of movement” for closed chain exercises

A

uniplanar -> multiplanar anterior -> posterior -> diagonal sagittal -> frontal or transverse

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40
Q

What is the progression of the parameter “speed of movement or directional changes” for closed chain activites

A

slow -> fast

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41
Q

A warm-up for resistance training should use (heavy/light) repetitive movement (with/without) resistance to the specific area to be worked

A

light, without

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42
Q

The resistance for resistance training is usually placed on the (proximal/distal) end of the segment being strengthened

A

distal

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43
Q

_____ is necessary during resistance training to avoid unwanted substitute motions

A

stabilization

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44
Q

The volume of resistance training is typically performed from __ - __ reps, but changes depending on the patient

A

8-12

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45
Q

True or False: The cool down from resistance exercise should have a light resistance movement to cool down

A

false, it should be unresisted

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46
Q

What are the general precautions for resistance exercise

A

avoid valsalva, watch for substitute motions, don’t over train/over work the patient, and be aware of exercise induced soreness

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47
Q

Muscle soreness and aching beginning 12 to 24 hours after exercise, peaking at 48 to 72 hours and subsiding 2 to three days later are clinical signs of what

A

delated-onset muscle soreness

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48
Q

What are some clinical signs and symptoms of DOMS

A

tenderness upon palpation, increased soreness with passive lengthening, local edema, decreased ROM, decreased muscle strength for 1-2 weeks

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49
Q

Resistance training is most often used during ____ inflammation or diseases

A

acute

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50
Q

If a patient has ___ with AROM, resistance should not be applied

A

pain

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51
Q

Resistance exercises are absolutely contraindicated with ________ disease such as Guillain-Barre or polymyositis

A

inflammatory

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52
Q

_____ resistance is contraindicated with acute joint inflammation, but static muscle setting may be appropriate

A

dynamic

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53
Q

True or False: Severe cardiopulmonary disease is a contraindication of resistance training and should be postponed for 6 weeks after MI, open surgery or until clearance

A

False, 12 weeks

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54
Q

What are the three types of training regimens for resistance training

A

progressive resistance training circuit weight training plyometric training

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55
Q

Which resistance regimen is a program that uses constant external resistance applied to the contracting muscle by some mechanical means and incrementally increased

A

progressive resistance training

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56
Q

During progressive resistance exercise, what is used for determining and progressing resistance

A

the repetition maximum

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57
Q

What are the three sub-regimens under progressive resistance exercise

A

delorme regimen oxford regimen DAPRE regimen

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58
Q

Which progressive resistance regimen uses 3 sets of 10 RM with progressive loading, warm up in protocol, rest between sets, gradual increase overtime, and increases strength over time

A

delorme regimen

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59
Q

What is the difference between oxford regimen and delorme regimen

A

is uses 3 sets of 10 regressive loading and diminishes the resistance as muscle fatigues

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60
Q

Which progressive resistance training regiment is based on 6RM, has 4 sets, which are based on resistance tolerable

A

DAPRE

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61
Q

what does DAPRE stand for

A

Daily adjustable progressive resistance exercise

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62
Q

Circuit weight training has (high/low) repetitions and (high/low) intensity

A

high; low

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63
Q

Fill in the black for circuit weight training Reps: __ - __ % of 10 RM: __ - ___% Rest period between sets: __ - __ seconds

A

8-12 reps 90-100% 15-20 seconds

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64
Q

True or False: The order of circuit weight training exercises are not important

A

false

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65
Q

What is the order of exercises that should take place during circuit weight training

A

alternate UE and LE and trunk exercises alternate between pushing and pulling Large muscles before small multi joints before isolation exercises

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66
Q

What is another term for plyometric training

A

stretch-shortening drills

67
Q

____ training is high intensity and high velocity exercises that emphasize the development of muscular power and coordination

A

plyometric

68
Q

Plyometric training is a part of (beginning/moderate/advanced) phases of rehabilitation

A

advanced

69
Q

____ training is used to train quick movements for starting and stopping

A

plyometrics

70
Q

True or False: Plyometric training involves rapid concentric contraction followed by rapid reversal of movement with eccentric contraction

A

false, eccentric then concentric

71
Q

What are contraindications of plyometric training

A

pain, inflammation, joint instability

72
Q

What determinant describes the number of exercises sessions per day or week and is dependent on intensity and volume?

A

frequency

73
Q

_____ ______ is any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

A

Resistance Exercise

74
Q

Resistance exercise is an essential element for rehab of persons with impaired ______ _______

A

muscle performance

75
Q

What does muscle performance refer to?

A

the capacity of a muscle to do work

76
Q

What is the definition of work

A

force x distance

77
Q

What are 3 Key elements of muscle performance

A

strength, power, and edurance

78
Q

What is the ability of a contractile tissue to produce tension and a resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle

A

Strength

79
Q

What is the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces, contemplated or imposed, during functional activities, in a smoot, coordinated manner

A

functional strength

80
Q

What is the systematic procedure of a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy loads for a relatively low number of repetitions over a short period of time

A

strength training

81
Q

What is defined as work produced by a muscle per unit of time or the rate of performing work

A

power

82
Q

what is the equation for power

A

force x distance/time

83
Q

The relationship of force and velocity are factors that affect ____ ____

A

muscle power

84
Q

In terms of power training, ____ _____ is a necessary foundation for developing muscle power

A

muscle strength

85
Q

The (greater/lesser) the intensity of exercise and the (longer/shorter) the time period taken to generate force, the greater the muscle power

A

greater; shorter

86
Q

What is the ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time

A

endurance

87
Q

True or False: Strength and muscle endurance are always correlated with each other

A

False, some people are very strong and can over come a force but they can’t do it over a longer period of time

88
Q

What is characterized by having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time

A

endurance training

89
Q

True or False: Many patients with impaired muscle performance have seen a greater impact from resistance training over strength training

A

true

90
Q

what are the three principles that guide resistance training

A
  1. Overload principle 2. SAID principle 3. Reversibility Principle
91
Q

Which principle of resistance training states that If muscle performance is to improve, the muscle must be challenged to perform at a level greater than that to which it is accustomed

A

overload principle

92
Q

Which principle of resistance training states If the demand remains constant after the muscle has adapted, the level of muscle performance can be maintained but not increased.

A

overload principle

93
Q

What does the application of the overload principle look like

A

Focus on the progressive loading of the muscle by manipulating the intensity or volume of the exercise

94
Q

What is the definition of intensity

A

how much weight is imposed on the muscle

95
Q

What is the definition of volume

A

encompasses variables such as repetitions, sets, or frequency of exercise

96
Q

In a strength program, how is the overload principle applied

A

the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased

97
Q

During endurance training, how is the overload principle applied

A

more emphasis on increasing the time a muscle contraction is sustained or increase the number of reps rather than increasing resistance

98
Q

What are the precautions of the overload principle

A

It must be applied in context to a persons age, pathology, stage of healing, fatigue, and ability of the patient. The muscles must also be given time to adapt to increased demands before load or reps are increased again

99
Q

What does SAID stand for

A

specific adaptations to imposed demands

100
Q

The said principle is an extension of which law

A

Wolff’s law

101
Q

What is Wolff’s law

A

Body systems adapt over time to stresses placed on them

102
Q

Which principle of resistance training helps the therapist determine the exercise prescription and which parameters of exercise should be selected to create specific training effects that best meet specific functional needs

A

SAID principle

103
Q

Which principle of resistance training is highly specific to the training method employed and always emphasizes task specific practice

A

SAID principle

104
Q

How does the SAID principle have effects on transfer or training relating to strength and endurance

A

Strength is good for endurance athletes, but endurance is not always helpful for strength athletes

105
Q

Which resistance exercise principle states that changes made through strength/endurance training are short-lived unless training-induced changes are used regularly for functional activities or unless individuals participate in a maintenance program of resistance exercise

A

Reversibility principle

106
Q

Which resistance exercise principle relates to the statement “If you don’t use it, you lose it”

A

Reversibility Principle

107
Q

When does detraining begin after sopping a resistance exercise program?

A

within a week or two after stopping it

108
Q

What are some factors that can affect the muscle’s ability to develop and sustain tension?

A

energy stores, fatigue, recovery from exercise, age, gender, and cognitive status

109
Q

What is the diminished response of muscle to a repeated stimulus and reflected in the progressive decrease in the muscle’s ability to fire

A

Muscle fatigue

110
Q

What are signs of fatigue

A

discomfort or pain, tremors in contracting muscle, jerky active movements, inability to complete the movement, and a decline in peak torque

111
Q

_____ time for recovery from exercise is a must with every resistance program

A

adequate

112
Q

Light exercise may aid in recovery of resistance training, most likely due to _____ and _____ influences

A

neural and circulatory

113
Q

A precaution of recovery from resistance training is that long term improvements in muscle performance is only achieved if the patient is allowed _______ time to recover from fatigue

A

adequate

114
Q

Alignment, stabilization, dosage, mode, velocity, periodization, and integration of exercise are considered _______ of resistance exercise

A

determinants

115
Q

Why is alignment and stabilization an important determinant of resistance exercise

A

To strengthen a specific muscle effectively and avoid substitute motions, appropriate positioning of the body and limb is essential

116
Q

____ is the amount of resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

A

intensity

117
Q

____ is the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during and single exercise session multiplied by the resistance used.

A

volume

118
Q

True or false: The order of exercises during a session can have an impact on muscle fatigue

A

true

119
Q

What is Wolff’s law

A

Body systems adapt over time to stresses placed on them

120
Q

Which principle of resistance training helps the therapist determine the exercise prescription and which parameters of exercise should be selected to create specific training effects that best meet specific functional needs

A

SAID principle

121
Q

Which principle of resistance training is highly specific to the training method employed and always emphasizes task specific practice

A

SAID principle

122
Q

True or false: The order of exercises during a session can have an impact on muscle fatigue

A

true

123
Q

____ is the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during and single exercise session multiplied by the resistance used.

A

volume

124
Q

____ is the amount of resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

A

intensity

125
Q

Why is alignment and stabilization an important determinant of resistance exercise

A

To strengthen a specific muscle effectively and avoid substitute motions, appropriate positioning of the body and limb is essential

126
Q

Alignment, stabilization, dosage, mode, velocity, periodization, and integration of exercise are considered _______ of resistance exercise

A

determinants

127
Q

A precaution of recovery from resistance training is that long term improvements in muscle performance is only achieved if the patient is allowed _______ time to recover from fatigue

A

adequate

128
Q

Light exercise may aid in recovery of resistance training, most likely due to _____ and _____ influences

A

neural and circulatory

129
Q

_____ time for recovery from exercise is a must with every resistance program

A

adequate

130
Q

What are signs of fatigue

A

discomfort or pain, tremors in contracting muscle, jerky active movements, inability to complete the movement, and a decline in peak torque

131
Q

What is the diminished response of muscle to a repeated stimulus and reflected in the progressive decrease in the muscle’s ability to fire

A

Muscle fatigue

132
Q

What are some factors that can affect the muscle’s ability to develop and sustain tension?

A

energy stores, fatigue, recovery from exercise, age, gender, and cognitive status

133
Q

When does detraining begin after sopping a resistance exercise program?

A

within a week or two after stopping it

134
Q

Which resistance exercise principle relates to the statement “If you don’t use it, you lose it”

A

Reversibility Principle

135
Q

Which resistance exercise principle states that changes made through strength/endurance training are short-lived unless training-induced changes are used regularly for functional activities or unless individuals participate in a maintenance program of resistance exercise

A

Reversibility principle

136
Q

How does the SAID principle have effects on transfer or training relating to strength and endurance

A

Strength is good for endurance athletes, but endurance is not always helpful for strength athletes

137
Q

The said principle is an extension of which law

A

Wolff’s law

138
Q

What does SAID stand for

A

specific adaptations to imposed demands

139
Q

What are the precautions of the overload principle

A

It must be applied in context to a persons age, pathology, stage of healing, fatigue, and ability of the patient. The muscles must also be given time to adapt to increased demands before load or reps are increased again

140
Q

During endurance training, how is the overload principle applied

A

more emphasis on increasing the time a muscle contraction is sustained or increase the number of reps rather than increasing resistance

141
Q

In a strength program, how is the overload principle applied

A

the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased

142
Q

What is the definition of volume

A

encompasses variables such as repetitions, sets, or frequency of exercise

143
Q

What is the definition of intensity

A

how much weight is imposed on the muscle

144
Q

What is the order resistance exercise should be in to control fatigue?

A

Large muscle groups before small multi joints before single joints higher intensity before lower intensity

145
Q

What are the two factors that frequency of resistance training is dependent on

A

intensity and volume

146
Q

The total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out is _____

A

duration

147
Q

____ ____ is a critical element, necessary to allow time for the body to recuperate from the acute effects of exercise associated with muscle fatigue or to offset adverse responses such as muscle soreness

A

rest interval

148
Q

What is the term that refers to the form of exercise, type of contraction, and manner its carried out

A

modes of exercise

149
Q

Modes of exercise for resistance training should mimic _____ ______

A

functional activity

150
Q

What is the velocity of exercise

A

the speed at which muscles contract that affects muscle tension, muscular strength, and endurace

151
Q

_____Builds systematic variations in exercise intensity and repetitions, sets, or frequency at regular intervals over a specified period of time

A

periodization

152
Q

What are the different types of resistance exercises

A

Manual, mechanical, isometric, dynamic, DCER,, isokinetic, open chain, closed chain

153
Q

Which type of resistance exercise involves resistance that is provided by a therapist

A

Manual resistance

154
Q

Manual resistance is useful in the (early/late) stages of exercise program

A

Early

155
Q

Which type of resistance exercise is a form of active-resistive exercises in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus

A

Mechanical resistance

156
Q

Mechanical therapy is useful when resistance necessary is (greater/lesser) than what therapist can apply manually

A

greater

157
Q

Isometric exercise is also called a _____ exercise

A

static

158
Q

Which type of resistance exercise is a static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without noticeable change in length of muscle and without visible joint motion

A

Isometric exercise

159
Q

Which type of resistance exercise includes holding against a force applied manually, holding a weight in a particular position, pushing or pulling an immoveable object

A

isometric

160
Q

What are the three categories of isometric exercises

A
  1. muscle setting 2. stabilization 3. Multi-angle isometrics
161
Q

Muscle setting in isometrics 1. (high/low) intensity contraction 2. (some/none) appreciable resistance 3. (does/does not) improve strength

A
  1. low 2. none 3. does not
162
Q

Why are isometric exercises used to treat?

A

decrease pain and spasm, promote relaxation and circulation

163
Q

What is the term that is used to develop a sustained level of co-contraction to improve posture or dynamic stability of a joint by means of mid-range contractions against resistance in antigravity and WB positions when allowed

A

stabilization isometrics

Therapeutic Exercise (9 decks)

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