Final, General

Question 1

What period is the cutoff for not following the octet rule?

Answer 1

3 and beyond

Question 2

What are some guidelines for finding the most stable resonance structure?

Answer 2

negative charge on most electronegative, no charge separation, all atoms up to second period have octet, more covalent bonds

Question 3

What is the shape and bond angle for something with a steric number of 2?

Answer 3

Linear, 180

Question 4

What is the shape and bond angle for something with a steric number of 3, none of which are lone pairs?

Answer 4

Trigonal Planar, 120

Question 5

What is the shape and bond angle for something with a steric number of 3, one of which is a lone pair?

Answer 5

Bent, less than 120

Question 6

What is the shape and bond angle for something with a steric number of 4, none of which is a lone pair?

Answer 6

Tetrahedral, 109

Question 7

What is the shape and bond angle for something with a steric number of 4, one of which is a lone pair?

Answer 7

Trigonal pyramid, less than 109

Question 8

What is the shape and bond angle for something with a steric number of 4, two of which are lone pairs?

Answer 8

Bent, much less than 109

Question 9

What is the hybridization for something with a steric number of 2?

Answer 9

sp

Question 10

What is the hybridization for something with a steric number of 3?

Answer 10

sp2

Question 11

What is the hybridization for something with a steric number of 4?

Answer 11

sp3

Question 12

How do intermolecular forces related to BP?

Answer 12

Stronger=higher

Question 13

How does branching relate to BP?

Answer 13

Spherical/More branching = lower BP

Question 14

Define bronsted/lowry acid and base.

Answer 14

Base is a proton acceptor and acid is proton donor

Question 15

Define lewis acid and base.

Answer 15

Base is electron pair donor, acid is electron pair acceptor

Question 16

Define nucleophile

Answer 16

An electron pair donor to an atom other than hydrogen, needs to have an overall negative charge or a delta negative charge

Question 17

Define electrophile

Answer 17

An electron pair acceptor, needs to have an overall positive charge or a delta positive charge

Question 18

Describe how the size of atom relates to the strength of acids

Answer 18

use when the atoms are from the same column, strength of acid increases as you go down and bond length increases

Question 19

Describe how electronegativity relates to the strength of acids

Answer 19

use when atoms are from the same row, strength increases from left to right, as the bond weakens

Question 20

Describe how hybridization relates to the strength of acids

Answer 20

use when the atom binding to the hydrogen is the same, strength increases with lower hybridization (sp3->sp2->sp) and weaker conjugate bases

Question 21

Describe how solvents affect acid strength

Answer 21

acids are stronger in polar protic solvents

Question 22

Describe a staggered conformation

Answer 22

substituents are completely out of line

Question 23

Describe an anti conformation

Answer 23

a staggered conformation where the bulkiest groups are farthest apart

Question 24

Describe an gauche conformation

Answer 24

a staggered conformation where the bulkiest groups are closest together

Question 25

Describe an eclipse conformation

Answer 25

the substituents are directly behind each other

Question 26

How do you determine cis or trans with a chair cyclohexane conformation?

Answer 26

Cis is pointing in the same direction, trans is pointing in different directions

Question 27

Describe axial and equatorial positions on cyclohexane

Answer 27

Axial positions are vertical
Can start from headrest (pointing up) or footrest (down)
Alternate pointing up and down

The other ones are equatorial

Question 28

Give the four conformations of cyclohexane in order of stability from most to least

Answer 28

Chair-> Twist-boat -> Boat -> Half-chair

Question 29

Define isomer

Answer 29

compound with the same molecular formula

Question 30

Define constitutional isomers

Answer 30

different atom connectivity

Question 31

Define stereoisomers

Answer 31

different arrangement of the atoms in space

Question 32

Define diastereomers

Answer 32

stereoisomers that are not mirror images (includes cis and trans)

Question 33

Define enantiomers

Answer 33

stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images, have opposite chirality on all chiral centers (check chirality with a one group swap, check superimposable with 180 rotation)

Question 34

What is the difference between chiral molecules and achiral molecules?

Answer 34

Chiral lack a plane of symmetry

Question 35

How do you determine the maximum number of stereoisomers?

Answer 35

2^n where n is the number of chiral centers

Question 36

What are some examples of strong bases?

Answer 36

OH-, RO-, H-, NH2-, C-

Question 37

What solvents do SN1 or E1 reactions prefer?

Answer 37

polar protic because they stabilize carbocations

Question 38

What solvents do SN2 or E2 reactions prefer?

Answer 38

Polar aprotic, solvate cations

Question 39

How is nucleophilicity determined in polar aprotic or polar protic solvents?

Answer 39

Nu follows basicity in polar aprotic, Nu follows level of solvation in polar protic (opposite)

Question 40

How you you determine which products are formed in an E2 reaction?

Answer 40

Use more substituted double bond unless working with (CH3)3COK

Question 41

Describe E and Z nomenclature

Answer 41

If the highest priority groups are on the same side, it is Z, different is E

Question 42

Describe the energy change of bond formation or bond cleavage

Answer 42

Bond formation is exothermic, bond cleavage is endothermic

Question 43

Define oxidation

Answer 43

loss of electrons or the uptake of O and/or the loss of H

Question 44

Define reduction

Answer 44

the gaining of elections or the loss of O and/or the uptake of H

Question 45

Describe organometallic compounds

Answer 45

Carbon-metal bond compounds, carbon has a negative charge, can be written as CM or C- and M+