Chapter 1

Question 1

What valence does carbon have?

Answer 1

Tetravalent

Question 2

What valence does nitrogen have?

Answer 2

Trivalent, but it can be tetravalent if it has a positive charge

Question 3

What valence does oxygen have?

Answer 3

Divalent

Question 4

What valence does hydrogen have?

Answer 4

Monovalent

Question 5

Define isomers

Answer 5

Compounds with the same molecular formula

Question 6

Define constitutional isomers

Answer 6

Different atom connectivity

Question 7

Define stereoisomers

Answer 7

Same atom connectivity, different arrangement of the atoms in space

Question 8

Name and describe the two types of stereoisomers

Answer 8

Sis is where two common atoms are pointing the same direction and trans is when they are pointing in different directions

Question 9

Describe the lewis structure

Answer 9

Lone pair (nonbonding) electrons are indicated by dots

Bonding electrons are indicated by dashes

Question 10

Describe the dash structure

Answer 10

Non-bonding pairs are not represented

Bonding electrons are indicated by dashes

Question 11

Describe the condensed structure

Answer 11

Non-bonding electrons are not indicated
Most of the single bonds are not represented, only double bonds, triple bonds, and rings
Hydrogens attached directly to an atom are written directly before or after
Other atoms or groups attached to carbons are written with vertical lines or in parenthesis

Question 12

Describe the bond line structure

Answer 12

Omit carbons and hydrogens attached to the carbons
Use zig-zag lines for acyclic molecules
Beginnings, ends, and intersections of lines indicate carbons

Question 13

Describe the 3-D representation structure

Answer 13

Solid triangles are pointing at the reader, dashed triangles are pointing back, and lines are on the same plane as the paper

Question 14

What is the equation for formal charge?

Answer 14

Group number- lines - dots

Question 15

Describe the resonance arrow

Answer 15

Single line with two heads, The arrow starts where there is the electron(s)/multiple bond and is pointing where they go

Question 16

Give some guidelines about choosing the most stable structure

Answer 16

No charge separation
Octet rule satisfied on second period atoms
More covalent bonds
Charge on the more negative atom
More formal charges

Question 17

What is the geometry of a molecule with a steric number of two and no lone pairs?

Answer 17

Linear

Question 18

What is the geometry of a molecule with a steric number of 3 and no lone pairs?

Answer 18

Trigonal Planar

Question 19

What is the geometry of a molecule with a steric number of 3 and 1 lone pair?

Answer 19

Bent or Angular

Question 20

What is the geometry of a molecule with a steric number of 4 and no lone pairs?

Answer 20

Tetrahedral

Question 21

What is the geometry of a molecule with a steric number of 4 and 1 lone pair?

Answer 21

Trigonal Pyramidal

Question 22

What is the geometry of a molecule with a steric number of 4 and 2 lone pairs?

Answer 22

Bent or Angular

Question 23

Describe the order of formation and the arrangement of orbitals in a sigma bond

Answer 23

First bond to be made, made from an end-to-end overlap

Question 24

Describe the order of formation and the arrangement of orbitals in a pi bond

Answer 24

Second and third bond to be made, made from a side-to-side overlap

Question 25

Which type of bond is stronger, a sigma or a pi?

Answer 25

Sigma

Question 26

Give the hybridization of a molecule with a steric number of 2, 3, or 4

Answer 26

sp, sp2, sp3