Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the Bronsted/Lowry definition of acids/bases?
Base is a proton acceptor, acid is a proton donor
What is the Lewis definition of acids/bases?
Base is an electron pair donor, acid is a electron pair acceptor
What is a nucleophile?
Electron pair donor to an atom other than hydrogen
What is a electrophile?
An electron pair acceptor
How do you get conjugate acids or bases?
Base (or any species) + H+ -> Conjugate acid
Acid (or any species) - H+ -> Conjugate base
When do you use the size of atoms to determine the strength of acids? How does that work?
Use when comparing atoms of the same column, Do not use when atom is not directly connected to the breaking bond
Strength of acids increases as you go down
Bigger atoms have longer bonds that are easier to break
When do you use electronegativity to determine the strength of acids? How does that work?
Use when comparing atoms of the same row/period
Strength of acids increases from left to right
Atoms with greater electronegativity will pull electrons towards themselves and weaken the bond to the hydrogen
When do you use hybridization to determine the strength of acids? How does that work?
Use when the atom binding to the hydrogen is the same
Find the weakest conjugate base (electrons in lowest energy) Lower hybridization (sp->sp2->sp3)
When do you use inductive effects to determine the strength of acids? How does that work?
Use when comparing certain atoms or groups (ex: carbonyl groups)
Greater the inductive effect means a weaker bond holding the H
The stronger and closer the electronegative thing is, the stronger the acid
When do you use resonance to determine the strength of acids? How does that work?
Use when determining the strength of bases (including conjugate bases)
The more stable it is (greater resonance structures) the weaker
More structures-> more stable-> weaker base-> stronger acid
When do you use the solvent effect to determine the strength of acids? How does that work?
Acids are stronger in polar protic solvents
Protic solvents are those that have a H attached to N, O, or F
Solvation prevents recombination-> equilibrium to the right-> stronger
How do you choose a reactant and solvent for a reaction?
Whenever a solvent is used, it must be checked to be sure that it will not react
When choosing a reactant, make sure weaker acids/bases are produced
What is a deuterium? What is a tritium?
One proton is a hydrogen
One proton, one neutron is a deuterium
One proton, two neutrons is a tritium
What sort of charge does a nucleophile need?
an overall negative charge, or a delta - charge
What sort of charge does a electrophile need?
an overall positive charge, or a delta + charge
