final exam uroliths

Question 1

how to diagnose stones

Answer 1

rectal palpation feeling for stones, radiographs (including booty shot), AUS, urine pH

Question 2

most common type of uroliths in dogs and cats

Answer 2

calcium oxalate and struvite

Question 3

what uroliths can we not see on rads

Answer 3

cystine, urate, xanthine, tiny struvite

Question 4

spiculated starshaped uroliths

Answer 4

calcium oxalate dihydrate

Question 5

looks like peas

Answer 5

urate

Question 6

purse dogs most often get which urolith

Answer 6

calcium oxalate

Question 7

EBD get what type of urolith most commonly

Answer 7

urate or cystine

Question 8

dalmations with uroliths mostly likely have

Answer 8

uroliths

Question 9

what is the basic treatment for struvite uroliths that are asymptomatic

Answer 9

treat UTI with antibiotics througout dissolution.
acidic environment to dissolve struvites

Question 10

what do you do with nondissolvable stones that are incidental findings (pet is asymptomatic)

Answer 10

if small: voiding urohydropulsion can be done

if large: leave until issue arises

Question 11

what crystals can you medically dissolute

Answer 11

struvite, cystine, xanthine

Question 12

how to treat urethral obstruction

Answer 12

hydropulsion of stone back into bladder then cystotomy,
PU considered in reoccurring cases

Question 13

how to prevent calcium oxalate uroliths

Answer 13

increase moisture intake, potassium citrate for treatment of acidic urine,

u/d or SO diet

Question 14

prevention of struvite uroliths

Answer 14

prevent UTIs
SO or c/d

Question 15

prevention of urate uroliths

Answer 15

genetic component and link to PSS.
HA, UC, u/d

Question 16

cystine urolith prevention

Answer 16

inherited. rare. neuter? limit protein intake

Question 17

if alkaline urine bacti and see stones on rads what are we thinking

Answer 17

struvites

Question 18

what is the difference in struvite uroliths in dogs and cats

Answer 18

cats most commonly have sterile struvite uroliths. can be from alkaline urine from low protein diets.

Question 19

management of struvite uroliths in cats

Answer 19

diets for dissolution: s/d, SO
follow up rads 3weeks post to see if shrunk.

Question 20

what Chem abnormalities can you expect with a blocked cat

Answer 20

hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, acidosis, hypothermia

Question 21

what is the order for a blocked cat eval/removal

Answer 21

survey rads, anesthesia, urethral massage, retrograde flushing, cystocentesis if needed.

Question 22

steps to retrograde flushing a feline

Answer 22

drain bladder, pass catheter until is stops at the blockage, occlude urethra with fingers, flush, dislodge, then place long catheter.

Question 23

most common cause of urethral obstruction in male dogs? in bitches

Answer 23

male dogs: stones
female dogs: urethral neoplasia

Question 24

what is the recommended technique in dogs to clear a urethra of uroliths

Answer 24

retrograde urohydropulsion with urethral occlusion.
this involves using an assistant to occlude the urethra from the rectum.

Question 25

HBC male dog is at risk of what

Answer 25

ruptured bladder/uroperitoneum

Question 26

diagnosing a uroperitoneum

Answer 26

loss of serosal detail in rads,
AFAST and abdominocentesis

Question 27

what are you comparing the abdominal fluid to in a suspected uroperitoneum. what values are you looking at

Answer 27

compare to blood concentrations of potassium and creatinine. uroperitoneum should be higher concentrations than the blood

Question 28

how to ddx uroperitoneum, hemoperitoneum, sepsis

Answer 28

take a PCV/TS of the fluid and look for RBC.
look at a cytology for sepsis

Question 29

what is the most common source of rupture in the urinary tract

Answer 29

bladder followed by the urethra

Question 30

what are our go to treatments for uroperitoneum

Answer 30

treat hyperkalemia: calcium gluconate

if urethral rupture: place cath for 10 days and assess for 2nd intention healing
if severe rupture, sx repair 1st

for bladder ruptures abdominal explore and closure.

Question 31

most common urolith in equine

Answer 31

calcium carbonate

Question 32

calcium carbonate crystals grow better in what pH

Answer 32

alkaline

Question 33

what is the treatment of urolithiasis

Answer 33

removal through PU or transurethral. easier done in females

Question 34

preventative measures in horses for uroliths?

Answer 34

eh. no legume hay and try and increase water ingestion but not all great

Question 35

what is the single most common urinary tract disease in small ruminants

Answer 35

urolithiasis.

Question 36

what is the main cause of urolithiasis in small ruminants

Answer 36

things that cause alkaline pH.
high grain diets, high legume diets

Question 37

what causes precipitates of supersaturated urine

Answer 37

diet. dehydration, alkaline pH, early castration, previous inflammation

Question 38

where are the four main locations that the uroliths get stuck in goats

Answer 38

urethral process, sigmoid flexure, ischial arch, neck of bladder

Question 39

main clinical signs of an obstructed goat

Answer 39

vocalization, colicky, off feed

Question 40

how do we diagnose a goat with an obstruction

Answer 40

CS, AUS of a big bladder, history of feed, +- azotemia

Question 41

treatment options for a blocked small ruminant

Answer 41

urethral process amputation (in production animals)
dissolution of struvites
Surgical options (tube cystotomy)

Question 42

what is our in field option for blocked small ruminant

Answer 42

tube cystotomy: folley cath in bladder, pass urine out cath and give urethra rest so it can pass stone on its own

Question 43

how long do you leave the catheter in in a tube cystotomy

Answer 43

11 days to allow for adhesion of the bladder to the body wall

Question 44

preventative measures in small ruminant uroliths

Answer 44

low grain diets, late castration in pets, increase water intake, ammonium chloride to acidify urine