final exam uroliths Flashcards
how to diagnose stones
rectal palpation feeling for stones, radiographs (including booty shot), AUS, urine pH
most common type of uroliths in dogs and cats
calcium oxalate and struvite
what uroliths can we not see on rads
cystine, urate, xanthine, tiny struvite
spiculated starshaped uroliths
calcium oxalate dihydrate
looks like peas
urate
purse dogs most often get which urolith
calcium oxalate
EBD get what type of urolith most commonly
urate or cystine
dalmations with uroliths mostly likely have
uroliths
what is the basic treatment for struvite uroliths that are asymptomatic
treat UTI with antibiotics througout dissolution.
acidic environment to dissolve struvites
what do you do with nondissolvable stones that are incidental findings (pet is asymptomatic)
if small: voiding urohydropulsion can be done
if large: leave until issue arises
what crystals can you medically dissolute
struvite, cystine, xanthine
how to treat urethral obstruction
hydropulsion of stone back into bladder then cystotomy,
PU considered in reoccurring cases
how to prevent calcium oxalate uroliths
increase moisture intake, potassium citrate for treatment of acidic urine,
u/d or SO diet
prevention of struvite uroliths
prevent UTIs
SO or c/d
prevention of urate uroliths
genetic component and link to PSS.
HA, UC, u/d
cystine urolith prevention
inherited. rare. neuter? limit protein intake
if alkaline urine bacti and see stones on rads what are we thinking
struvites
what is the difference in struvite uroliths in dogs and cats
cats most commonly have sterile struvite uroliths. can be from alkaline urine from low protein diets.
management of struvite uroliths in cats
diets for dissolution: s/d, SO
follow up rads 3weeks post to see if shrunk.
what Chem abnormalities can you expect with a blocked cat
hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, acidosis, hypothermia
what is the order for a blocked cat eval/removal
survey rads, anesthesia, urethral massage, retrograde flushing, cystocentesis if needed.
steps to retrograde flushing a feline
drain bladder, pass catheter until is stops at the blockage, occlude urethra with fingers, flush, dislodge, then place long catheter.
most common cause of urethral obstruction in male dogs? in bitches
male dogs: stones
female dogs: urethral neoplasia
what is the recommended technique in dogs to clear a urethra of uroliths
retrograde urohydropulsion with urethral occlusion.
this involves using an assistant to occlude the urethra from the rectum.
HBC male dog is at risk of what
ruptured bladder/uroperitoneum
diagnosing a uroperitoneum
loss of serosal detail in rads,
AFAST and abdominocentesis
what are you comparing the abdominal fluid to in a suspected uroperitoneum. what values are you looking at
compare to blood concentrations of potassium and creatinine. uroperitoneum should be higher concentrations than the blood
how to ddx uroperitoneum, hemoperitoneum, sepsis
take a PCV/TS of the fluid and look for RBC.
look at a cytology for sepsis
what is the most common source of rupture in the urinary tract
bladder followed by the urethra
what are our go to treatments for uroperitoneum
treat hyperkalemia: calcium gluconate
if urethral rupture: place cath for 10 days and assess for 2nd intention healing
if severe rupture, sx repair 1st
for bladder ruptures abdominal explore and closure.
most common urolith in equine
calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate crystals grow better in what pH
alkaline
what is the treatment of urolithiasis
removal through PU or transurethral. easier done in females
preventative measures in horses for uroliths?
eh. no legume hay and try and increase water ingestion but not all great
what is the single most common urinary tract disease in small ruminants
urolithiasis.
what is the main cause of urolithiasis in small ruminants
things that cause alkaline pH.
high grain diets, high legume diets
what causes precipitates of supersaturated urine
diet. dehydration, alkaline pH, early castration, previous inflammation
where are the four main locations that the uroliths get stuck in goats
urethral process, sigmoid flexure, ischial arch, neck of bladder
main clinical signs of an obstructed goat
vocalization, colicky, off feed
how do we diagnose a goat with an obstruction
CS, AUS of a big bladder, history of feed, +- azotemia
treatment options for a blocked small ruminant
urethral process amputation (in production animals)
dissolution of struvites
Surgical options (tube cystotomy)
what is our in field option for blocked small ruminant
tube cystotomy: folley cath in bladder, pass urine out cath and give urethra rest so it can pass stone on its own
how long do you leave the catheter in in a tube cystotomy
11 days to allow for adhesion of the bladder to the body wall
preventative measures in small ruminant uroliths
low grain diets, late castration in pets, increase water intake, ammonium chloride to acidify urine
