final exam uroliths Flashcards

1
Q

how to diagnose stones

A

rectal palpation feeling for stones, radiographs (including booty shot), AUS, urine pH

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2
Q

most common type of uroliths in dogs and cats

A

calcium oxalate and struvite

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3
Q

what uroliths can we not see on rads

A

cystine, urate, xanthine, tiny struvite

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4
Q

spiculated starshaped uroliths

A

calcium oxalate dihydrate

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5
Q

looks like peas

A

urate

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6
Q

purse dogs most often get which urolith

A

calcium oxalate

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7
Q

EBD get what type of urolith most commonly

A

urate or cystine

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8
Q

dalmations with uroliths mostly likely have

A

uroliths

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9
Q

what is the basic treatment for struvite uroliths that are asymptomatic

A

treat UTI with antibiotics througout dissolution.
acidic environment to dissolve struvites

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10
Q

what do you do with nondissolvable stones that are incidental findings (pet is asymptomatic)

A

if small: voiding urohydropulsion can be done

if large: leave until issue arises

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11
Q

what crystals can you medically dissolute

A

struvite, cystine, xanthine

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12
Q

how to treat urethral obstruction

A

hydropulsion of stone back into bladder then cystotomy,
PU considered in reoccurring cases

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13
Q

how to prevent calcium oxalate uroliths

A

increase moisture intake, potassium citrate for treatment of acidic urine,

u/d or SO diet

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14
Q

prevention of struvite uroliths

A

prevent UTIs
SO or c/d

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15
Q

prevention of urate uroliths

A

genetic component and link to PSS.
HA, UC, u/d

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16
Q

cystine urolith prevention

A

inherited. rare. neuter? limit protein intake

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17
Q

if alkaline urine bacti and see stones on rads what are we thinking

A

struvites

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18
Q

what is the difference in struvite uroliths in dogs and cats

A

cats most commonly have sterile struvite uroliths. can be from alkaline urine from low protein diets.

19
Q

management of struvite uroliths in cats

A

diets for dissolution: s/d, SO
follow up rads 3weeks post to see if shrunk.

20
Q

what Chem abnormalities can you expect with a blocked cat

A

hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, acidosis, hypothermia

21
Q

what is the order for a blocked cat eval/removal

A

survey rads, anesthesia, urethral massage, retrograde flushing, cystocentesis if needed.

22
Q

steps to retrograde flushing a feline

A

drain bladder, pass catheter until is stops at the blockage, occlude urethra with fingers, flush, dislodge, then place long catheter.

23
Q

most common cause of urethral obstruction in male dogs? in bitches

A

male dogs: stones
female dogs: urethral neoplasia

24
Q

what is the recommended technique in dogs to clear a urethra of uroliths

A

retrograde urohydropulsion with urethral occlusion.
this involves using an assistant to occlude the urethra from the rectum.

25
HBC male dog is at risk of what
ruptured bladder/uroperitoneum
26
diagnosing a uroperitoneum
loss of serosal detail in rads, AFAST and abdominocentesis
27
what are you comparing the abdominal fluid to in a suspected uroperitoneum. what values are you looking at
compare to blood concentrations of potassium and creatinine. uroperitoneum should be higher concentrations than the blood
28
how to ddx uroperitoneum, hemoperitoneum, sepsis
take a PCV/TS of the fluid and look for RBC. look at a cytology for sepsis
29
what is the most common source of rupture in the urinary tract
bladder followed by the urethra
30
what are our go to treatments for uroperitoneum
treat hyperkalemia: calcium gluconate if urethral rupture: place cath for 10 days and assess for 2nd intention healing if severe rupture, sx repair 1st for bladder ruptures abdominal explore and closure.
31
most common urolith in equine
calcium carbonate
32
calcium carbonate crystals grow better in what pH
alkaline
33
what is the treatment of urolithiasis
removal through PU or transurethral. easier done in females
34
preventative measures in horses for uroliths?
eh. no legume hay and try and increase water ingestion but not all great
35
what is the single most common urinary tract disease in small ruminants
urolithiasis.
36
what is the main cause of urolithiasis in small ruminants
things that cause alkaline pH. high grain diets, high legume diets
37
what causes precipitates of supersaturated urine
diet. dehydration, alkaline pH, early castration, previous inflammation
38
where are the four main locations that the uroliths get stuck in goats
urethral process, sigmoid flexure, ischial arch, neck of bladder
39
main clinical signs of an obstructed goat
vocalization, colicky, off feed
40
how do we diagnose a goat with an obstruction
CS, AUS of a big bladder, history of feed, +- azotemia
41
treatment options for a blocked small ruminant
urethral process amputation (in production animals) dissolution of struvites Surgical options (tube cystotomy)
42
what is our in field option for blocked small ruminant
tube cystotomy: folley cath in bladder, pass urine out cath and give urethra rest so it can pass stone on its own
43
how long do you leave the catheter in in a tube cystotomy
11 days to allow for adhesion of the bladder to the body wall
44
preventative measures in small ruminant uroliths
low grain diets, late castration in pets, increase water intake, ammonium chloride to acidify urine