Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Indian Ocean Trade traded..
Spices, silk, gold and silver, china
Silk Road traded…
Silk, spices, technology
Trans Saharan traded…
Gold, ivory, salt, and slaves
Positive and negative impacts of trade
Positive -Introduced new foods, ideas, religions
Negative -Disease
What were some of the defining characteristics of the Ottoman military that set them apart from other empires of the time?
the Janissaries, gunpowder empire
What allowed the ancient kingdoms of Western Africa to thrive?
Trade and much resources -gold, salt, ivory
Which of the Chinese dynasties was the longest reigning and most stable of all Chinese dynasties?
The Ming Dynasty
Which empire was able to unify the majority of the Indian subcontinent under one government?
The Mughal Empire
What major events/timeframes in history led people to start questioning the world around them? Why?
The Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment
How/why was the Renaissance able to happen? (think about the location of where it began)
It had been the heart of the Roman Empire, new ideas flourished
How did the invention of the printing press change the course of history? (What impact did it have on the lives of common people? What impact did it have on communication?)
More people became educated and learned how to read and write
During the age of exploration, what was the MAIN GOAL of most explorers?
Wealth/Economic gain
What was the biggest contributing factor to the decrease in population among natives during the age of exploration?
Disease
Name at least 5 food items from the Old World and NEw World. What was this exchange called?
Called the Columbian Exchange
From New World - Tobacco, Potatoes, Turkey, Pumpkins
Old World - Livestock, Grains, Bees, Coffee, Sugar cane,(disease)
What was traded along the middle passage of this trade route? Explain what that transportation looked like.
Middle Passage traded slaves. They were on the ship for months and many died along the way. It was cramped, unclean, and many suffered torture.
As plantations emerged in the new world and private ownership of industry became more common, there was a shift in economic structure from ________ to ______.
mercantilism
capitalism
What major event led to the development of the world’s first Constitutional Monarchy?
The Revolution in England
Describe the various stages of the French Revolution from the causes to the rise of Napoleon.
Tennis Court Oath, Storming the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man, Revoluntionary Wars, National Convention created, Execution of Louis XVI, Directory established, Napoleon as first Consul of France
Compare and contrast the American and French Revolutions.
French - Had a reign of terror
American -Did not have a reign of terror
Same -Led to freedom
What were some of the contributing factors of the Haitian Revolution?
The French Revolution inspired the Haitian Revolution. Slaves had to pick coffee and sugar for markets in Europe. Political power weakened colonial power, news reached the island of declarations in Paris about universal human rights.
Leader of the Haitian Revolution
Toussaint Louverture
Leader of the Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero
Leader of the Gran Columbia Revolution
Simón Bolívar
Leader of the Argentina, Chile, Peru Revolutions
José de San Martín
How did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution impact the populations of Europe and the United States?
High food production leads to higher birth rates, increase in population and life expectancy.
What major industry emerged after the 2nd Agricultural Revolution (one of the first profitable factories in the Industrial Revolution)?
textile
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Why?
England because of the waterways and resources
Mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
Marxism/Communism
individual people do not own land, factories, or machinery. Instead, the government or the whole community owns these things
How/why was Marxism created? What was it in response to? What country first experimented with this social, political, and economic theory? Who led the revolution to get there?
Karl Marx’s Marxism argues that capitalism as a form of economic and social reproduction is inherently flawed and will ultimately fail. Russia was the first communist state.
What was the Meiji Restoration? Explain how it influenced Japanese economics.
Meiji Restoration : long reign to strengthen Japan. Discontent led to revolt that placed new Emperor onto the throne, who took the name Meiji “enlightened one”
Positive and Negatives of IR
Positive -More jobs, Improvement in transportation,Efficient production of goods
Negative -Child labor, Unfair pay, Long Hours, horrible living conditions, unsafe working conditions, environmental harm
List the three stages of industrialization throughout the world and the major players at each stage.
1st- Great Britain, Germany and US
2nd - Russia, Japan
3rd- South East Asia and Latin America
IR - starts in Agriculture then textiles
What is Imperialism? Provide at least one example.
The takeover of a country/territory by a stronger nation with intent of dominating the economic, political, social life of the people of that nation. An example is when the English invaded India.
Why did Europeans feel the desire to imperialize regions in Africa and Asia? List all of the causes and then identify the primary (or most important) cause.
Indians were divided so the British took advantage of Indian divisions by encouraging competition and disunity. The English’s goal in India was to make money.
What is Social Darwinism? How was it used to justify imperialism?
the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Nationalism became a spearheaded a nationalist movement. The ideas of ending imperial rule came from Western ideals such as democracy and equality
The Caste System
rooted in karma and reincarnation. The categories are based on their past life, karma, and family line
What kept Indians from unifying to prevent the imperialization of their country by the British?
At first the Hindus and Muslims worked together but eventually Muslims began to sent Hindu influence in Congress and feared it would lead to Muslim oppression. Muslims then formed a Muslim League and began talks of a separate state.
What was the Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny?
Sepoys (Indian Soldiers in service) rose up against their British officers, marched to the capital and massacred British men,women and children. British take revenge by burning down their villages and murdering thousands of innocent Indians. Led to mistrust and hatred, more British troops to India and high taxes
What organization was created in India (1885), calling for self-rule/independence?
The Indian National Congress
Who was Menelik II? What was he able to prevent?
Emperor of Ethiopia and resisted imperialism by diplomatic maneuvering and a strong military
Up until the 19th century, both China and Japan considered themselves ____. There was no need to import goods/products from other countries; they were self-sufficient within their own borders.
isolated
Opium Wars:
1st - Between british vs China
2nd - Britain and France vs China
Foreign powers won and gained commercial privileges.
Treaty of Nanjing ended the war and opened China to trade
Taiping Rebellion
a civil war in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Boxer Rebellion
an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government.
List the causes of World War I.
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Assassination
What major events brought the United States into WWI?
The sinking of the Lithuania and the Zimmerman Telegram
How did the involvement of the USA in WWI change the dynamics of the war?
Brought in fresh soldiers, new ammunition, new weapons, the Allies get a big push and it turns the tide of the war.
What document officially ended WWI? What were the 4 major stipulations?
The Treaty of Versailles - had to accept war damage, give up territories and colonies, pay reparations, limit military
What were some of the major geopolitical changes Europe saw at the end of WWI?
Germany had to give up its territories, when the Ottoman Empire collapsed, Turkey was established.
What was the Mandate System?
an internationally sanctioned method of colonialism. It granted control over former German and Ottoman territories to members of the League of Nations after World War I
Describe the goals of Pan-Africanism & Pan-Arabism.
Pan -Africanism - aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous peoples and diasporas of African ancestry.
Pan-Arabism - the principle or advocacy of political alliance or union of all the Arab states.
What caused people to turn toward Dictators after WWI?
Economic depression
List two characteristics of a totalitarian state.
Total control of gov and state and usually military run
What was the “Final Solution” as outlined by Hitler and what was used to carry out these plans?
Mass Extermination of the Jews - Holocaust
What was the Zionist movement and how did the United Nations support their cause?
The creation of the Jewish homeland after the Holocaust
What was needed in order to recover the economies of Europe and Japan after WWII?
International aid - rebuild buildings
What is the “Iron Curtain”? Who coined the term? Why used the word curtain rather than wall?
A barrier that is divided capitalist and communist nations. This barrier was not physical but instead economic and political. Winston Churchill coined the term. The divide was thought to be impenetrable as iron
The Chinese Civil War was a fight between what major political parties? Who led each side?
Chinese Communist Party -Mao Zedong vs The Nationalist Party -Chiang Kai-shek
Mohandas Gandhi
Indian independence activist and leader who played a key role in the peaceful resistance movement against British colonial rule
Ho Chi Minh
a Vietnamese communist revolutionary, nationalist, and politician. He served as prime minister
Jomo Kenyatta
Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister
Kwame Nkrumah
a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He served as Prime Minister
What does Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah have in common?
All seeking self rule
Compare and contrast the Vietnam and Korean Wars.
Vietnam -Falls to communism (domino theory)
Korea - Split North communism South Democratic
Same - Proxy Wars
Truman Doctrine
the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organtzationan- alliance of countries from Europe and North America.
Marshall Plan
a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II
Eisenhower Doctrine
a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression
What are three characteristics we see in post-imperialistic nations?
Most become Communist, civil war, failed economies/lack of civil rights
What major world organization created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
The United States General Assembly
United Nations
diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security with nations
European Union
(EU) is a unique economic and political union between 27 European countries.
NAFTA (USMCA)
North American Free Trade Agreement was to encourage trade between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional grouping that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its ten members
WTO:
World Trade Organization - It enacts the rules governing trade between countries of goods, services, agricultural and industrial goods, and intellectual property
IMF
International Monetary Fund - works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries
World Bank
Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies
Red Cross
provides aid of shelters, food, and comfort for people affected by disasters. They teach skills that save lives and supports veterans, military members and their families.
Doctors without Borders
is a charity that provides humanitarian medical care
UNICEF
United Nations Childrens Fund -save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential
What is meant by “globalization”?
a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place
