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embryology > final exam skeletal system > Flashcards

final exam skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

each somite divides into 2 parts:

A

dermamyotome- derma and myo

sclerotome- skeleton

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2
Q

what forms the somites?

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

dividing somite is made up of mesodermal cells that give rise to?

A

mesenchyme

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4
Q

condensation of mesenchyme gives rise to formation of

A

bone models and selective gene activity begins

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5
Q

3 areas of mesenchymal development

A

paraxial-> somite-> lateral mesoderm

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6
Q

cartilage bones

A

replace provisional cartilage and are remaining bones of body

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7
Q

membrane bones

A

make up the face and cranial roof and develop from skeletal mesenchyme

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8
Q

what is the cartilaginous vertebral body that replaces notochord

A

centrum- 2 CHONDRIFICATION CENTERS

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9
Q

vertebral arches do not unite to form spinous processes until

A

3rd month after birth

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10
Q

when does ossification of vertebra begin?

A

9th week, all centers present by 5th month except sacral and coccyx

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11
Q

what are the ossification centers at puberty?

A

5: 1 at tip of spinous processes
1 at each tip of transverse processes
2 on rim of epiphyseal center

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12
Q

mesenchymal bands= sternal bars of?

A

sternum

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13
Q

chondrification of limbs start at?

A

5th and 6th week

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14
Q

upper limbs rotate

A

laterally

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15
Q

lower limbs rotate

A

medially

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16
Q

which bone ossifies before any other bone in the body?

A

clavicle

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17
Q

congenital malformations of the skeleton

A

chondrodystrophies- abnormal development of cartilage

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18
Q

cartilage stage in these bones can grow rapidly to match growth of fetus

A

inter-cartilagenous or endochondral

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19
Q

2 types of neurocranium development

A

neurochondrocranium

neuromembranocranium

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20
Q

neurochondrocranium at 6 weeks

A

nasals, orbitals, temporals

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21
Q

neuromembranocranium- fontanelles and sutures**

A

2 parietals, 2 frontals, 1 vomer, 2 nasals, 2 lacrimals

22
Q

closure times of fontanelles

A

anterior- end of second year, largest
anterolateral- 2-3 mo
posterolateral- end of 1st year

23
Q

splanchochondrocranium- bones of the face

A

visceral, pharyngeal, brachial arches

24
Q

1st visceral arch

A

mandibular

25
Q

1st arch

A

palate, maxilla, meckels cartilage, incus, malleolus

26
Q

2nd arch

A

stapes, cranial half of hyoid, lesser horn

27
Q

3rd arch

A

caudal half of hyoid, greater horn

28
Q

4 and 6 arch

A

cartilage of larynx

29
Q

vertebral column comes from

A

somite mesenchyme sclerotome

30
Q

intersegmental development gives the vertebra:

A

1 muscle attachment

2 nerve emergence

31
Q

chondrification begins in

A

7th week in cranial vertebra and follows down

32
Q

slow growth of cartilage and bone ossification is called

A

achondroplasia syndrome

33
Q

3 characteristics of achondroplasia syndrome

A

1 small stature
2 megalocephaly
3 skeletal issues

34
Q

hypochondroplasia syndrome is

A

a mild form of achondroplasia

35
Q

clavicle agenesis or no clavicle

A

cleidocranial dysostosis

36
Q

2 type of spina bifida

A

occulta- can’t see

cystica- can see, meninges only

37
Q

2 types of congenital scoliosis

A

1 numerical variations

2 morphological variations

38
Q

all sutures closing prematurely and symmetrically

A

oxycephaly

39
Q

metatopic suture- triangle looking

A

trigonocephaly

40
Q

when sutures close asymmetrically

A

plagiocephaly

41
Q

when sagittal sutures close prematurely

A

scaphocephaly

42
Q

coronal sutures- large wide short

A

acrocephaly

43
Q

complete absence of limbs

A

amelia

44
Q

absence of reduction of proximal part of limbs

A

phocomelia

45
Q

absence of reduction of distal part of limbs

A

meromelia

46
Q

hypoplasia and fusion of lower limbs

A

sympodia

47
Q

duplication of distal part of limbs

A

dichiria

48
Q

presence of extra digits

A

polydactyly

49
Q

fusion of digits

A

syndactyly

50
Q

shortness of digits

A

brachydactyly

51
Q

long digits with extra phalanges

A

hyperphalangism

embryology (5 decks)

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