final exam nervous system

Question 1

describe the 4 positional changes of the spinal cord

Answer 1

3rd month- cord extends length of embryo
6th month- end of cord level with 1st sacral vert
birth- level with 2-3 lumbar
adult- 1st lumbar

Question 2

midbrain or mesencephalon flexure

Answer 2

cephalic flexure- causes head to bend ventrally

Question 3

junction of myelencephalon and spinal cord flexure

Answer 3

cervical flexure

Question 4

metencephalon and myelencephalon flexure

Answer 4

pontine flexure

Question 5

forebrain

Answer 5

prosencephalon- tele and dien

Question 6

midbrain

Answer 6

mesencephalon

Question 7

hindbrain

Answer 7

rhombencephalon- pons cerebellum myelencephalon-medulla

Question 8

drugs for which studies have not shown risk to fetus

Answer 8

A

Question 9

drugs with no human studies only animal studies have shown effect

Answer 9

B

Question 10

drug studies in both human and animals inadequate

Answer 10

C

Question 11

drugs can definitely cause harm to fetus but can benefit mother

Answer 11

D

Question 12

drugs harm fetus and no benefit to mother

Answer 12

X

Question 13

objective evidence of disease

Answer 13

sign

Question 14

subjective evidence of disease

Answer 14

symptoms

Question 15

set of symptoms and sign together

Answer 15

syndromes

Question 16

study of cause of disease

Answer 16

etiology

Question 17

critical periods of development

Answer 17

3-7 week- cardiac
4-6- ears
4-8- eyes
4-7- limbs

Question 18

autosomal chromosomes are placed in various numbered pairs and placed into groups

Answer 18

standard classification

Question 19

trisomy 21

Answer 19

down syndrome- hypotonia, poor moro reflex, flat facial profile

Question 20

xxy klinefelter

Answer 20

tall, reduced body and facial hair, gynecomastia, small testes

Question 21

trisomy of Y

Answer 21

modified klinefelters- chromatin negative

Question 22

what are the 4 mechanisms of damage to fetus

Answer 22

• produce free radicals
• break chemical bonds
• new chemical bonds and cross-linkage
• damage molecules that regulate vital cell processes

Question 23

risks to fetus

Answer 23

1st- most sensitive, can cause death
2nd- major organs
3rd- cell population depleted; leukemia