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embryology > final exam muscular system > Flashcards

final exam muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

what do somites form?

A

skin, muscles and skeleton

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2
Q

the muscular system develops from which layer?

A

mesoderm layer

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3
Q

muscles are formed from which layer of the dermamyotome layer of the somite?

A

the myotome layer

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4
Q

what is the muscular system composed of?

A

specialized cells

muscle fibers

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5
Q

what form the extensor muscles of the vertebral column?

A

epimers- dorsal primary rami

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6
Q

what gives rise to the muscles of the limbs and body walls?

A

hypomers- ventral primary rami

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7
Q

what are examples of changes in muscle direction?

A

1 migration of muscle- latissimus dorsi
2 fusion of successive myotomes- rectus abdominus
3 longitudinal splitting of the myotome- sternohyoid
4 tangenital splitting- oblique and trans ab
5 degeneration of myotomes- tensor fascia lata

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8
Q

what are the muscles of the cervical region?

A 
prevertebrals
scalenes
trap
SCM
infrahyoid
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9
Q

what are the muscles of thoracic region?

A

intercostals

transverse thoracics

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10
Q

nerves innervating the segmental muscles are divided into?

A

dorsal primary and ventral primary rami

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11
Q

what happens to nerves when muscles change direction?

A

the nerves remain and muscles maintain original innervation

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12
Q

what is the job of the ribs?

A

ribs cause the muscles in the wall of thorax to maintain their segments

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13
Q

what is the 1st brachial/pharyngeal arch?

A

muscles of mastication

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14
Q

what is the 2nd brachial/pharyngeal arch?

A

facial muscles

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15
Q

what is the 3rd brachial/pharyngeal arch?

A

stylo-pharyngeal muscle

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16
Q

what is the 4th & 6th arch?

A

laryngeal, pharyngeal, palate muscles, SCM, trap

17
Q

what are the innervations of the arches?

A

1- trigeminal
2- facial
3- glossopharyngeal
4 & 6- vagus, hypoglossal

18
Q

smooth muscle is derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

19
Q

smooth muscle of the iris is derived from?

A

neuroectoderm

20
Q

with muscles of the limbs, the mesenchyme develops into what 2 groups?

A

extensors- dorsal group

flexors- ventral group

21
Q

what are cardiac muscles derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

22
Q

most muscle defects are?

A

unilateral

23
Q

what is the most common unilateral muscle defect?

A

pectoralis is most frequent

trap and SCM- next

24
Q

what is prune belly?

A

distended abdomen from aplasia of the abdominal musculature

25
Q

the abdominal muscles are always?

A

bilateral

26
Q

when the SCM is injured during development what develops?

A

torticollis

27
Q

what are some characteristics of torticollis?

A

affects both sides equally
male and female
autosomal dominant gene

28
Q

in congenital torticollis…

A

SCM becomes fibrous

embryology (5 decks)

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