Final Exam Review For Exam 1 Flashcards
Atomic Structure
-Proton=particle with (+) charge
-Neutron=particle with (0) charge
-Electron=particle with (-) charge
Elements That Make Up 96% of Living Matter
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
Amount of Bonds Needed
Carbon-4
Hydrogen-1
Oxygen-2
Nitrogen-3
Phosphorus-5
Sulfur-6
Electronegativity
-atoms like to have electrons around them
-oxygen & nitrogen are electronegative
-sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, & phosphate are not electronegative
Polar Bond
-electrons are not shared equally between two atoms
Nonpolar Bond
-electrons are shared equally between two atoms
Ionic Bond
-electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
3D Shape Impacts a Molecules Charge
-molecules could have polar bonds but be nonpolar
Properties of Carbon
-allows structural flexibility
-forms the structural skeleton for organic molecules
-carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids, & lipids are carbon based
-basis for functional groups
Water Special Properties
-strong cohesion
-good adhesion
-ice floats
-high specific heat
-high heat of vaporization
Water Impacts Biomolecules
-polar molecules will want to interact with water
-nonpolar molecules will want to be shielded from water
Amino Functional Group
-acts as a base
Carboxyl Functional Group
-acts as an acid
Carbonyl Functional Group
-aldehydes
-react with certain compounds to produce larger molecules
Hydroxyl Functional Group
-highly polar
-compounds make more soluble through hydrogen bonding with water
-can act as a weak acid
Phosphate Functional Group
-molecules with more than one phosphate linked together store large amounts of chemical energy
Sulfhydryl
-can form S-S bonds that contribute to protein structure
Basic Structure of Amino Acid
-amino group
-carboxyl group
-side chain
Amino Acid Chains Provide Functional Properties
Vary depending on type of R group:
-nonpolar
-uncharged, polar
-acidic or basic
Levels of Protein Structure
-primary is the unique sequence of amino acids
-secondary is the alpha helix & beta strands
-tertiary is the 3D shape
-quaternary is protein subunits that bind together
Nucleotide
-a phosphate group
-a five carbon sugar
-a nitrogenous base
DNA Structure
-antiparallel double helix
-A-T & G-C
DNA & RNA Differences
-sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose in RNA
-thymine is replaced by uracil
-RNA more versatile than DNA
DNA Functions
-replication
-encoding information
-gene expression
RNA Structure
-3D shape is critical to stability and function
Nucleic Acid Function
-carry genetic information
Proteins Function
-energy
-hormone & enzyme production
-build tissues & muscles
-immune
Carbohydrates Molecular Formula
-(CH2O)n
Glycosidic Linkages for Polysaccharides
-alpha can be digested by animals(energy storage)
-beta can not be digested by animals(structural support)
Carbohydrates Functions
-energy source
-help control blood glucose & insulin metabolism
-building macromolecules
Difference Between Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
-saturated are hydrocarbon chains that consists of only single bonds between the carbons
-unsaturated are one or more double bonds existing in the hydrocarbon chains
Lipids Functions
-structure
-energy transport & storage
-signaling molecules
Fluid Mosaic Model
-fluid: membrane & proteins move around
-Mosaic: membrane contains various proteins & phosholipids
Permeability
-allowing liquids or gases to pass through
Movement Across a Membrane
-passive diffusion: substance crosses from high to low concentration
-facilitated transport: no energy required, protein embedded in the membrane that allows the substance to move through
-active transport: requires energy, protein allows substance to move through
-osmosis: movement of water across membrane
