Ch 2 Water & Carbon Exam 1 Flashcards
Four Elements That Make Up 96% of Living Matter
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, & Nitrogen
Draw and Label a Simplified Model of an Atom
On Notebook
Neutron
No charge(0) located in the nucleus of an atom
Proton
Positive charge(+) located in the nucleus of an atom
Electron
Negative charge(-) move around nucleus of an atom
Atomic Number
Each atom of a given element contains a characteristic number of protons
Mass Number
The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom, written as a superscript to the left of its symbol
Atomic Weight
An average of all the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance in nature
How to Determine # of Neutrons
Equal to the difference between the mass number of the atom and the atomic number
How to Determine # of Electrons
Equal to the number of protons
How to Determine # of Protons
The number of electrons in a neutral atom
Isotopes and How they Relate to Radioactivity
Forms of an element with different number of neutrons, gained or loss neutrons
Electron Shells and How they Dictate the # of Bonds an Atom Can Make
Orbitals grouped into levels, 1st shell 2, 2nd shell 8, 3rd shell 8. The number of electrons that atoms needs to fill it’s valence electron shell.
Atoms That Display Electronegativity
Oxygen & Nitrogen
Ionic Bonds
Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Polar Covalent Bonds
Exists when atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
A type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms
Example of How a Molecules Shape can Determine its Function
Molecules could have polar bonds and be non polar such as Methane and Water
Determine where the electrons might be located in a molecule and how this impacts the molecule’s properties (polarity, solubility in water)
Be Able to Convert a Chemical Formula into a Structural Formula
On Notebook
Potential Problems with Structural Formulas
Doesn’t show how the atoms are arranged in 3D space
Why are water molecules polar & capable of hydrogen bonding?
The electrons of the hydrogen atoms get pulled towards the electrons of the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted towards the oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule
Special Properties of Water
Strong cohesion, good adhesion, high surface tension, can absorb a lot of energy, high specific heat
Cohesion & Adhesion
Cohesion is molecules sticking together due to Hydrogen bonds. Adhesion is water adhering to surfaces that are charged.
Difference Between Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic Molecules
Hydrophilic are water loving; most ionic and polar molecules dissolve. Hydrophobic are water fearing and do not dissolve in water and instead interact with each other.
Acid
Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton to another substance
Bases
Substances that acquire protons to lower hydronium concentration
pH
Quantitative measure of the acidity or basic it’s of aqueous or other liquid solutions
How does water dissociate? What does water dissociate into?
One water molecule donates its proton to another water molecule. H+ & OH- ions
Properties of Strong vs Weak Acids/Bases
Strong-dissociate completely in water
Weak-do not dissociate completely (double arrow)
Hydronium Ions & Correlation to pH
A water molecule that is the product of the interaction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. If the hydronium concentration decreases, the Ph increases.
Explain how carbon’s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form large, complex, and diverse organic molecules
A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, and has a strong tendency to form covalent bonds with other atoms in order to complete its octet
Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules
May vary in length, shape, number & location of double bonds, other elements covalently bonded to available sites
Describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon
-Major components of fossil fuels
-Have a diversity of carbon skeletons which produce molecules of various lengths and shapes
-A carbon skeleton is the framework for the large diverse organic molecules found in living organisms
Major Functional Groups
Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl
