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Cells & Molecules > Ch 2 Water & Carbon Exam 1 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Water & Carbon Exam 1 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four Elements That Make Up 96% of Living Matter

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, & Nitrogen

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2
Q

Draw and Label a Simplified Model of an Atom

A

On Notebook

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3
Q

Neutron

A

No charge(0) located in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge(+) located in the nucleus of an atom

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5
Q

Electron

A

Negative charge(-) move around nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

Atomic Number

A

Each atom of a given element contains a characteristic number of protons

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7
Q

Mass Number

A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom, written as a superscript to the left of its symbol

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8
Q

Atomic Weight

A

An average of all the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance in nature

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9
Q

How to Determine # of Neutrons

A

Equal to the difference between the mass number of the atom and the atomic number

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10
Q

How to Determine # of Electrons

A

Equal to the number of protons

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11
Q

How to Determine # of Protons

A

The number of electrons in a neutral atom

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12
Q

Isotopes and How they Relate to Radioactivity

A

Forms of an element with different number of neutrons, gained or loss neutrons

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13
Q

Electron Shells and How they Dictate the # of Bonds an Atom Can Make

A

Orbitals grouped into levels, 1st shell 2, 2nd shell 8, 3rd shell 8. The number of electrons that atoms needs to fill it’s valence electron shell.

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14
Q

Atoms That Display Electronegativity

A

Oxygen & Nitrogen

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15
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

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16
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Exists when atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond

17
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

A type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms

18
Q

Example of How a Molecules Shape can Determine its Function

A

Molecules could have polar bonds and be non polar such as Methane and Water

19
Q

Determine where the electrons might be located in a molecule and how this impacts the molecule’s properties (polarity, solubility in water)

A
20
Q

Be Able to Convert a Chemical Formula into a Structural Formula

A

On Notebook

21
Q

Potential Problems with Structural Formulas

A

Doesn’t show how the atoms are arranged in 3D space

22
Q

Why are water molecules polar & capable of hydrogen bonding?

A

The electrons of the hydrogen atoms get pulled towards the electrons of the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted towards the oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule

23
Q

Special Properties of Water

A

Strong cohesion, good adhesion, high surface tension, can absorb a lot of energy, high specific heat

24
Q

Cohesion & Adhesion

A

Cohesion is molecules sticking together due to Hydrogen bonds. Adhesion is water adhering to surfaces that are charged.

25
Q

Difference Between Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic Molecules

A

Hydrophilic are water loving; most ionic and polar molecules dissolve. Hydrophobic are water fearing and do not dissolve in water and instead interact with each other.

26
Q

Acid

A

Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton to another substance

27
Q

Bases

A

Substances that acquire protons to lower hydronium concentration

28
Q

pH

A

Quantitative measure of the acidity or basic it’s of aqueous or other liquid solutions

29
Q

How does water dissociate? What does water dissociate into?

A

One water molecule donates its proton to another water molecule. H+ & OH- ions

30
Q

Properties of Strong vs Weak Acids/Bases

A

Strong-dissociate completely in water
Weak-do not dissociate completely (double arrow)

31
Q

Hydronium Ions & Correlation to pH

A

A water molecule that is the product of the interaction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. If the hydronium concentration decreases, the Ph increases.

32
Q

Explain how carbon’s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form large, complex, and diverse organic molecules

A

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, and has a strong tendency to form covalent bonds with other atoms in order to complete its octet

33
Q

Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules

A

May vary in length, shape, number & location of double bonds, other elements covalently bonded to available sites

34
Q

Describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon

A

-Major components of fossil fuels
-Have a diversity of carbon skeletons which produce molecules of various lengths and shapes
-A carbon skeleton is the framework for the large diverse organic molecules found in living organisms

35
Q

Major Functional Groups

A

Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl

Cells & Molecules (13 decks)

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