Final Exam Review

Question 1

The sigma subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase ___________________. ( Chapter 7)

Answer 1

recognizes promoter sites in the DNA.

Question 2

The genes in the genome of an adult organism. (Chapter 1)

Note: The cells of an adult organism can be quite varied in their structure and function despite having the same information in their genome. Not all genes in the genome are expressed at all times, or in all cell types; some genes are expressed for specific purposes and might be unique for a particular type of cell or situation.

Answer 2

are expressed or silenced depending on whether a gene is needed in that cell type and environment.

Question 3

Lysosomes and peroxisomes both perform a series of reactions to break down molecules, but one difference between them is that (Chapter 1 and 15)

Note: Both peroxisomes and lysosomes are small organelles that break down materials, but lysosomes generally digest biomolecules like proteins so that the building blocks can be reused. Peroxisomes deactivate toxic materials, often using what?

Answer 3

peroxisomes contain hydrogen peroxide.

Question 4

Which type of noncovalent interaction can involve either the polypeptide backbone or amino acid side chains? ( Chapter 4)

Note: The backbone of the polypeptide consists of uncharged polar covalent bonds. Because the bonds in the backbone are neither charger nor hydrophobic (i.e. nonpolar), hydrophobic forces and electrostatic interactions do not involve the backbone. This bonds, however, are formed between atoms in the polar covalent bonds found in both amino acid side chains and in the carboxyl group and amino groups of the polypeptide backbone.

Group of answer choices

Answer 4

hydrogen bonds

Question 5

What can happen if heterochromatin spreads inappropriately into an area with active genes? ( Chapter 5)

Note: Due to its compact nature, genes in heterochromatin are often inactive because they are not accessible.

Answer 5

The active genes can become silenced.

Question 6

Excess amounts of the amino acid tryptophan result in downregulation of the expression of the enzymes required for its synthesis due to (Chapter 8)

Note: When excess tryptophan is present, the amino acid will bind to its repressor protein, activating it and enabling it to bind to the operator sequence near the promoter. The binding of the repressor in the proximity of the promoter inhibits the binding of RNA polymerase, and thus the expression of the trp genes is blocked.

Answer 6

the repressor binding to the operator.

Question 7

The major products of the citric acid cycle are

Answer 7

CO2 and NADH.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches the cellular location with the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in that cell type? ( Chapter 14)

Note: The electron-transport chain for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation is found in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells like archaea and bacteria. ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells, including plant cells, and is mechanistically different from photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.

Group of answer choices

Answer 8

plasma membrane—bacteria

Question 9

Stage two of photosynthesis (or the light-independent reactions) uses which input molecules to produce organic food molecules? (Chapter 14)

Answer 9

ATP, NADPH, CO2

Question 10

Which of the following choices reflects the appropriate order of locations through which a protein destined for the plasma membrane travels? (Chapter 15)

Answer 10

ER —> Golgi —> plasma membrane