Chapter 14 - Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Flashcards
1
Q
Proton gradient flow down their electrochemical gradient through _____.
A
ATP synthase
2
Q
Mitochondria produce most of the animal cells’ ATP using energy derived from ______.
A
Oxidation of sugars and fatty acids.
3
Q
The 3 stages of cellular respiration are
A
1- Glycolysis 2- Citric acid cycle 3- Oxidative phosphorylation
4
Q
What breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate?
A
Glycolysis
5
Q
What completes the breakdown of glucose?
A
Citric acid cycle
6
Q
What accounts for most of the ATP synthesis?
A
Oxidative phosphorylation
7
Q
Each pyruvate has __ carbons.
A
3
8
Q
In glycolysis, 6 carbon glucose is broken into
A
two 3-carbon pyruvate
9
Q
In cellular respiration…. When oxygen is available, pyruvate enter the citric acid cycle. But first, they must convert to _____ first.
A
acetyl CoA
10
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
cytosol
11
Q
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
A
Mitochondria matrix
12
Q
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
A
inner membrane of mitochondria
13
Q
Where does Pyruvate (3C) convert to Acetyl CoA (2C)?
A
mitochondria
14
Q
_____ accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration.
A
oxidative phosphorylation
15
Q
A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle by _____.
A
substrate level phosphorylation
16
Q
For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the cell makes up to ___ molecules of ATP.
A
32
17
Q
What section of the mitochondria contains porin which forms large channels?
A
outer membrane
18
Q
NADH and FADH2 are _______ generated during ____ to power the production of ATP.
A
activated carriers; citric acid cycle
19
Q
Okay so mitochondria produce lots of ATP by ___________.
A
oxidative phosphorylation.
20
Q
What describes the phosphorylation of ADP to create ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons to oxygen?
A
oxidative phosphorylation
21
Q
What process describes the pH gradient that drives an energy requiring process?
A
chemiosmotic coupling
22
Q
In stage 1 of the oxidative phosphorylation, ___ is produced.
A
proton gradient
23
Q
in stage 2 of the oxidative phosphorylation, the proton gradient produced in stage 1 is used to drive a variety pf energy requiring reactions including the synthesis of ___ by an ___ synthase.
A
ATP; ATP
24
Q
The electron transport chain is composed of 3 ________ complex.
A
integral membrane
25
\_\_\_\_\_ catalyze that reduction of oxygen to water.
cytochrome c oxidase
26
Which of the components of the ETC is required to combine the pair of electrons with molecular oxygen?
cytochrome c oxidase
27
The pH in the mitochondrial matrix is higher than the pH in the intermembrane space. True or false?
True
28
What is the first complex in the ETC.
NADH dehydrogenase complex
29
How do you know electrons flow from complex one to two to three?
Electron movement is redox reaction.
30
What measures the tendency of a molecule to be reduced by taking up new electrons?
Redox potential
31
Molecule with the lowest redox potential is ___ complex.
NADH dehydrogenase complex
32
Molecule with the greatest redox potential is ___ complex.
cytochrome c oxidase complex
33
Molecules with a ____ redox potential are more likely to give up their electrons, and thus have a \_\_\_\_affinity for electrons.
low; low
34
Electron Transport Chain is energetically unfavorable because the electrons are passed from the complex that has a lower electron affinity to one with the higher electron affinity. True or false?
False. It's energetically favorable.
35
Electron Transport Chain is energetically favorable because the electrons are passed from the complex that has a lower electron affinity to one with the higher electron affinity. True or false?
True
36
Proton pumping generate pH gradient and membrane potential. True or false?
True
37
Stage 1 of oxidative phosphorylation requires the movement of electrons along the electron-transport chain coupled to the pumping of protons into the inter-membrane space. What is the final result of these electron transfers?
O2 is reduces to H20
38
Which of the following terms describes ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
oxidative phosphorylation
39
\_\_\_\_ is a small hydrophobic molecule that diffuses within the lipid bi-layer.
quinone
40
Quinone is an electron carrier type. It is a small hydrophobic molecule that diffuses within the lipid bi-layer. And it accepts 1 or 2 electrons from ___ or \_\_\_\_.
NADH or FADH2
41
\_\_\_\_\_ is an electron carrier type that contain iron and sulfur molecules and are covalently attached to \_\_\_\_\_\_. It holds ___ electron(s).
Iron-sulfur centers; iron-sulfur proteins; 1
42
The third type of electron carrier is the _______ that contain iron molecules and are covalently attached to ____ proteins. It holds __ electron(s).
Heme groups; cytochrome; 1
43
During reduction and oxidation, _____ pick up an H+ on one side of the membrane and release it on the other.
electron carriers
44
What are the two advantages of the components of the ETC being embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane? Give an example too.
1) The first one is components in the proper orientation for the electron so they can move faster from one component to the next; 2) Components are more organized and faster and have the proper position to facilitate transport proton matrix to the inter-membrane space. Example: ubiquinone
45
ATP Synthase uses the energy stored in the ______ to produce ATP.
electrochemical proton gradient.
46
ATP synthase is a _______ coupling device.
reversible
47
The proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase results in....
Mechanical rotation that is converted into the chemical-bond energy of ATP.
48
In eukaryotic cells, the electrochemical proton gradient is used to drive what two things?
1- The formation of ATP; 2- The transport of selected metabolites across the inner mitochondrial membrane
49
Oxidation of one glucose molecule produces about __ ATP molecules.
30 to 32
50
What is the direct product of glycolysis, and the final ATP yield per molecule of glucose?
2 NADH (cystolic) ---\> 3 ATP 2 ATP -------------------\> 2 ATP
51
What is the direct product of pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA (two per glucose), and the final ATP yield per molecule of glucose?
2 NADH (mitochondrial matrix) -----\> 5 ATP
52
What is the direct product of complete acetyl CoA oxidation (2 per glucose), and the final ATP yield per molecule of glucose?
6 NADH (mitochondrial matrix) -----------------------\> 15 ATP 2 FADH2 ---------\> 3 ATP 2 GTP --------------\> 2 ATP
53
Modern eukaryotes depend on mitochondria to generate most of the cell's ATP. How many molecules of ATP can a single molecule of glucose generate?
30
54
Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in ____ and uses ___ energy to generate ______ electrons, which are passed along an electron-transport chain.
chloroplasts; light energy; high-energy
55
In photosynthesis, light energy is converted to ___ energy (sugar).
chemical
56
Electrons in photosynthesis are extracted from water and __ is released into the atmosphere. This O2 in turn supports \_\_\_\_\_\_.
O2; oxidative phosphorylation
57
Chloroplasts contain light-capturing pigments called _____ and perform \_\_\_\_.
chlorophylls; photosynthesis
58
\_\_\_\_\_ creates organic molecules from ___ using energy derived from light.
Photosynthesis; CO2
59
How is the structure of chloroplasts similar to that of mitochondria? How does it differ?
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have \* an inner and outer membrane; \* Both have their own DNA and ribosome; Chloroplasts, however, have a 3rd membrane, the thylakoid membrane.
60
Plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria. True or false?
False
61
In chloroplasts, which part is highly permeable?
outer membrane
62
In chloroplasts, which part is less permeable?
inner membrane
63
What parts form the chloroplast envelope?
outer membrane
64
What part of the chloroplasts have a composition similar to the cytosol?
inter-membrane space
65
What part of the chloroplast has a space enclosed by the inner membrane, contains metabolic enzymes, chloroplast genomes and ribosomes?
stroma
66
What part of the chloroplast depicts the 3rd membrane along with the space it encloses?
thylakoid
67
The thykaloid contains what 3 things?
photosystems, ETC, and ATP Synthase
68
What are the reactants and products equation for photosynthesis?
light + CO2 + H20 --\> sugars + O2 + heat
69
Light reaction occurs in \_\_\_\_\_.
thylakoid membrane
70
In Light Reaction, chemical energy is converted to ___ and \_\_\_\_.
ATP and NADPH
71
In a light reaction ___ is oxidized and __ is released.
water; oxygen
72
Photosynthesis involved two stages. Stage 1 is ____ and stage 2 is \_\_\_\_.
light reaction; dark reaction
73
In the dark reaction, what cycle is involved?
carbon-fixation (a.k.a. Calvin cycle)
74
The Calvin cycle takes place in the \_\_\_\_.
stroma
75
What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle?
CO2 + ATP + NADPH
76
What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle?
sugar + amino acids + fatty acids
77
The electrons used in photosynthesis come first from this molecule or atom:
Water
78
Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in chloroplasts and uses light energy to generate high-energy electrons, which are passed along an electron-transport chain. Where are the proteins of the electron-transport chain located in chloroplasts?
thylakoid membrane
79
\_\_\_\_ absorbs light and transfer energy in the form of an energized electron.
Chlorophyll
80
In light reactions, the interaction with photons of light energy raises the energy of ____ electrons.
chlorophyll
81
In light reactions, the ____ structure allows it to absorb energy from light.
chlorophyll
82
What helps hold the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane?
long hydrocarbon tail
83
\_\_\_\_ are pigment so substances that absorb visible light are known as pigment.
chlorophyll
84
In the relative absorbance vs. wavelength graph, the blue/violet color is around ___ nm; and the orange/red color is around ___ nm.
430; 660
85
Light reaction absorb best in what colors?
the red and blue or violet blue
86
Light reactions absorb least in what color?
green
87
Chlorophyll associates with proteins in ____ in the ____ membrane.
photosystems; thykaloid
88
What two parts form the photosystems?
1- Antenna complex 2- Reaction center
89
What part of the photosystem depicts chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy (in high energy e-) and funnels the energy to a reaction center?
antenna complex
90
What part of the photosystem contains a special pair of chlorophyll molecules that accepts energy from the antenna complex and transfers one high energy e- to e- acceptor.
reaction center
91
In an antenna complex, chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy (in high energy e-) and funnels the energy to a \_\_\_\_\_.
reaction center
92
A reaction center contains a ______ of chlorophyll molecules that accepts energy from the ______ and transfers one high energy e- to e- acceptor.
special pair; antenna complex
93
The photosystem compose the ______ in the middle, surrounded by what several \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
reaction center; light harvesting complexes
94
Light harvesting complex consist of pigment that _____ light.
absorb
95
Explain the charge separation in the light reactions.
1- The special pair donates an e- to an electron; 2- The special pair accepts an e- from a nearby donor.
96
Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II occur in dark reaction. True or false?
False. It occurs in light reaction.
97
In light reactions, light energy is used to generate ___ and then ___ in the \_\_\_.
ATP; NADPH; stroma
98
The final electron acceptor in photosystem is \_\_\_.
NADPH
99
What are the products of photosystem?
O2 + NADPH + ATP
100
In photosystem I and in photosystem II, ___ energy is needed to raise the _______ to a higher energy level.
light; reaction-center chlorophylls
101
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the special pair in ____ donates an e- to an ETC. There is a lost e- replaced by the splitting of \_\_\_.
photosystem II; water
102
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the special pair in ____ donates e- to an e- ETC. There is a lost e- in replaced by the e- donated by \_\_\_\_.
photosystem I; photosystem II
103
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, e- are added to NADP+ by ____ to make NADPH.
ferrodoxin NADP-reductase
104
In light reaction, electron flow generates an _____ (which is used to make ATP) and \_\_\_.
H+ gradient; NADPH
105
In stage 1 of photosynthesis, a proton gradient is generated and ATP is synthesized. Where do protons become concentrated in the chloroplast?
Thylakoid space. (pH goes down)
106
\_\_\_ is the source of electrons moving through the chloroplast ETC. This happens in the ____ reaction center.
water; photosystem II
107
Chloroplasts can generate ATP only. True or false?
True
108
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ depicts the process that electrons from photosystem I are transferred to the cytochrome b6-f complex instead of NADP.
cyclic photophosphorylation
109
In cyclic phosphorylation, there is a production of NADPH and a release of oxygen. True or false?
False. There is no production of NADPH nor the release of oxygen.
110
In cyclic phosphorylation, there is no production of NADPH and no release of oxygen. True or false?
True
111
In cyclic phosphorylation, cyclic flow does generate ATP. True or false?
True
112
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the excited chlorophyll of photosystem I passes electrons directly to the ETC that normally links photosystem II to photosystem I. The ETC chain is ___ to ATP production.
cyclic photophosphorylation; coupled
113
Cyclic photophosphorylation can take place when the plant needs ___ but does not have a great need for \_\_\_\_.
ATP; NADPH
114
Noncyclic photophosphorylation can take place when the plant needs both ____ and \_\_\_\_.
ATP; NADPH
115
Carbon fixation takes place in the \_\_\_.
stroma
116
In carbon fixation, ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions are used to convert ___ into sugar.
CO2
117
Dark reaction: In carbon fixation, addition of CO2 to ribulose 1,5 biphosphate is catalyzed by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Rubisco
118
Dark reaction: In carbox fixation, ___ enters the cycle and leaves as a \_\_\_\_.
CO2; sugar
119
Dark reaction: The net gain of carbon fixation is 1 molecule of \_\_\_\_.
glyceraldehude 3-phosphate
120
In dark reaction, what are the reactants in the carbon fixation cycle?
3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH
121
In dark reaction, what is the goal (output) of the carbon fixation cycle?
1 glyceraldehyde + 3 phospate
122
In dark reaction, what enzyme is involved in the carbon fixation cycle?
Rubisco
123
In plants, the ____ and ____ collaborate to supply cells with metabolites and ATP.
chloroplasts; mitochondria
124
Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by the same mechanism: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
chemiosmosis.
125
In both chloroplasts and mitochondria, an ___ chain pumps \_\_\_\_- across a membrane as electrons are passed along a series of increasingly electronegative carriers.
ETC; protons
126
Individuals with inherited diseases causing mitochondrial dysfunction typically experience which of the following symptoms?
heart problems
127
The citric acid cycle produces which activated carriers that transfer high-energy electrons to the electron-transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
128
\_\_\_\_\_ is a mobile electron carrier in the electron-transport chain.
ubiquitone
129
130
Shown is a chloroplast with labeled structures. The photosynthetic machinery is found in which of the compartments shown?
thylakoid membrane
131
The proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase results in
a mechanical rotation that is converted into the chemical bond energy of ATP.
132
Which of the following terms describes ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
oxidative phosphorylation
133
Modern eukaryotes depend on mitochondria to generate most of the cell’s ATP. How many molecules of ATP can a single molecule of glucose generate?
30
134
The electrons used in photosynthesis come first from this molecule or atom:
Water
135
In stage 1 of photosynthesis, a proton gradient is generated and ATP is synthesized. Where do protons become concentrated in the chloroplast?
thylakoid space
