Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 3510 - Cell Biology Lecture > Chapter 14 - Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proton gradient flow down their electrochemical gradient through _____.

A

ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mitochondria produce most of the animal cells’ ATP using energy derived from ______.

A

Oxidation of sugars and fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The 3 stages of cellular respiration are

A

1- Glycolysis 2- Citric acid cycle 3- Oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate?

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What completes the breakdown of glucose?

A

Citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What accounts for most of the ATP synthesis?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Each pyruvate has __ carbons.

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In glycolysis, 6 carbon glucose is broken into

A

two 3-carbon pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In cellular respiration…. When oxygen is available, pyruvate enter the citric acid cycle. But first, they must convert to _____ first.

A

acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does Pyruvate (3C) convert to Acetyl CoA (2C)?

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle by _____.

A

substrate level phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the cell makes up to ___ molecules of ATP.

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What section of the mitochondria contains porin which forms large channels?

A

outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NADH and FADH2 are _______ generated during ____ to power the production of ATP.

A

activated carriers; citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Okay so mitochondria produce lots of ATP by ___________.

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What describes the phosphorylation of ADP to create ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons to oxygen?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What process describes the pH gradient that drives an energy requiring process?

A

chemiosmotic coupling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In stage 1 of the oxidative phosphorylation, ___ is produced.

A

proton gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in stage 2 of the oxidative phosphorylation, the proton gradient produced in stage 1 is used to drive a variety pf energy requiring reactions including the synthesis of ___ by an ___ synthase.

A

ATP; ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The electron transport chain is composed of 3 ________ complex.

A

integral membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_____ catalyze that reduction of oxygen to water.

A

cytochrome c oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which of the components of the ETC is required to combine the pair of electrons with molecular oxygen?

A

cytochrome c oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The pH in the mitochondrial matrix is higher than the pH in the intermembrane space. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the first complex in the ETC.

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you know electrons flow from complex one to two to three?

A

Electron movement is redox reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What measures the tendency of a molecule to be reduced by taking up new electrons?

A

Redox potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Molecule with the lowest redox potential is ___ complex.

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Molecule with the greatest redox potential is ___ complex.

A

cytochrome c oxidase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Molecules with a ____ redox potential are more likely to give up their electrons, and thus have a ____affinity for electrons.

A

low; low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Electron Transport Chain is energetically unfavorable because the electrons are passed from the complex that has a lower electron affinity to one with the higher electron affinity. True or false?

A

False. It’s energetically favorable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Electron Transport Chain is energetically favorable because the electrons are passed from the complex that has a lower electron affinity to one with the higher electron affinity. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Proton pumping generate pH gradient and membrane potential. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Stage 1 of oxidative phosphorylation requires the movement of electrons along the electron-transport chain coupled to the pumping of protons into the inter-membrane space. What is the final result of these electron transfers?

A

O2 is reduces to H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which of the following terms describes ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

____ is a small hydrophobic molecule that diffuses within the lipid bi-layer.

A

quinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Quinone is an electron carrier type. It is a small hydrophobic molecule that diffuses within the lipid bi-layer. And it accepts 1 or 2 electrons from ___ or ____.

A

NADH or FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_____ is an electron carrier type that contain iron and sulfur molecules and are covalently attached to ______. It holds ___ electron(s).

A

Iron-sulfur centers; iron-sulfur proteins; 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The third type of electron carrier is the _______ that contain iron molecules and are covalently attached to ____ proteins. It holds __ electron(s).

A

Heme groups; cytochrome; 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

During reduction and oxidation, _____ pick up an H+ on one side of the membrane and release it on the other.

A

electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the two advantages of the components of the ETC being embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane? Give an example too.

A

1) The first one is components in the proper orientation for the electron so they can move faster from one component to the next; 2) Components are more organized and faster and have the proper position to facilitate transport proton matrix to the inter-membrane space. Example: ubiquinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ATP Synthase uses the energy stored in the ______ to produce ATP.

A

electrochemical proton gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ATP synthase is a _______ coupling device.

A

reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase results in….

A

Mechanical rotation that is converted into the chemical-bond energy of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the electrochemical proton gradient is used to drive what two things?

A

1- The formation of ATP; 2- The transport of selected metabolites across the inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Oxidation of one glucose molecule produces about __ ATP molecules.

A

30 to 32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the direct product of glycolysis, and the final ATP yield per molecule of glucose?

A

2 NADH (cystolic) —> 3 ATP 2 ATP ——————-> 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the direct product of pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA (two per glucose), and the final ATP yield per molecule of glucose?

A

2 NADH (mitochondrial matrix) —–> 5 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the direct product of complete acetyl CoA oxidation (2 per glucose), and the final ATP yield per molecule of glucose?

A

6 NADH (mitochondrial matrix) ———————–> 15 ATP 2 FADH2 ———> 3 ATP 2 GTP ————–> 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Modern eukaryotes depend on mitochondria to generate most of the cell’s ATP. How many molecules of ATP can a single molecule of glucose generate?

A

30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in ____ and uses ___ energy to generate ______ electrons, which are passed along an electron-transport chain.

A

chloroplasts; light energy; high-energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In photosynthesis, light energy is converted to ___ energy (sugar).

A

chemical

56
Q

Electrons in photosynthesis are extracted from water and __ is released into the atmosphere. This O2 in turn supports ______.

A

O2; oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

Chloroplasts contain light-capturing pigments called _____ and perform ____.

A

chlorophylls; photosynthesis

58
Q

_____ creates organic molecules from ___ using energy derived from light.

A

Photosynthesis; CO2

59
Q

How is the structure of chloroplasts similar to that of mitochondria? How does it differ?

A

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have * an inner and outer membrane; * Both have their own DNA and ribosome; Chloroplasts, however, have a 3rd membrane, the thylakoid membrane.

60
Q

Plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria. True or false?

A

False

61
Q

In chloroplasts, which part is highly permeable?

A

outer membrane

62
Q

In chloroplasts, which part is less permeable?

A

inner membrane

63
Q

What parts form the chloroplast envelope?

A

outer membrane

64
Q

What part of the chloroplasts have a composition similar to the cytosol?

A

inter-membrane space

65
Q

What part of the chloroplast has a space enclosed by the inner membrane, contains metabolic enzymes, chloroplast genomes and ribosomes?

A

stroma

66
Q

What part of the chloroplast depicts the 3rd membrane along with the space it encloses?

A

thylakoid

67
Q

The thykaloid contains what 3 things?

A

photosystems, ETC, and ATP Synthase

68
Q

What are the reactants and products equation for photosynthesis?

A

light + CO2 + H20 –> sugars + O2 + heat

69
Q

Light reaction occurs in _____.

A

thylakoid membrane

70
Q

In Light Reaction, chemical energy is converted to ___ and ____.

A

ATP and NADPH

71
Q

In a light reaction ___ is oxidized and __ is released.

A

water; oxygen

72
Q

Photosynthesis involved two stages. Stage 1 is ____ and stage 2 is ____.

A

light reaction; dark reaction

73
Q

In the dark reaction, what cycle is involved?

A

carbon-fixation (a.k.a. Calvin cycle)

74
Q

The Calvin cycle takes place in the ____.

A

stroma

75
Q

What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2 + ATP + NADPH

76
Q

What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle?

A

sugar + amino acids + fatty acids

77
Q

The electrons used in photosynthesis come first from this molecule or atom:

A

Water

78
Q

Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in chloroplasts and uses light energy to generate high-energy electrons, which are passed along an electron-transport chain. Where are the proteins of the electron-transport chain located in chloroplasts?

A

thylakoid membrane

79
Q

____ absorbs light and transfer energy in the form of an energized electron.

A

Chlorophyll

80
Q

In light reactions, the interaction with photons of light energy raises the energy of ____ electrons.

A

chlorophyll

81
Q

In light reactions, the ____ structure allows it to absorb energy from light.

A

chlorophyll

82
Q

What helps hold the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane?

A

long hydrocarbon tail

83
Q

____ are pigment so substances that absorb visible light are known as pigment.

A

chlorophyll

84
Q

In the relative absorbance vs. wavelength graph, the blue/violet color is around ___ nm; and the orange/red color is around ___ nm.

A

430; 660

85
Q

Light reaction absorb best in what colors?

A

the red and blue or violet blue

86
Q

Light reactions absorb least in what color?

A

green

87
Q

Chlorophyll associates with proteins in ____ in the ____ membrane.

A

photosystems; thykaloid

88
Q

What two parts form the photosystems?

A

1- Antenna complex 2- Reaction center

89
Q

What part of the photosystem depicts chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy (in high energy e-) and funnels the energy to a reaction center?

A

antenna complex

90
Q

What part of the photosystem contains a special pair of chlorophyll molecules that accepts energy from the antenna complex and transfers one high energy e- to e- acceptor.

A

reaction center

91
Q

In an antenna complex, chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy (in high energy e-) and funnels the energy to a _____.

A

reaction center

92
Q

A reaction center contains a ______ of chlorophyll molecules that accepts energy from the ______ and transfers one high energy e- to e- acceptor.

A

special pair; antenna complex

93
Q

The photosystem compose the ______ in the middle, surrounded by what several _________.

A

reaction center; light harvesting complexes

94
Q

Light harvesting complex consist of pigment that _____ light.

A

absorb

95
Q

Explain the charge separation in the light reactions.

A

1- The special pair donates an e- to an electron; 2- The special pair accepts an e- from a nearby donor.

96
Q

Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II occur in dark reaction. True or false?

A

False. It occurs in light reaction.

97
Q

In light reactions, light energy is used to generate ___ and then ___ in the ___.

A

ATP; NADPH; stroma

98
Q

The final electron acceptor in photosystem is ___.

A

NADPH

99
Q

What are the products of photosystem?

A

O2 + NADPH + ATP

100
Q

In photosystem I and in photosystem II, ___ energy is needed to raise the _______ to a higher energy level.

A

light; reaction-center chlorophylls

101
Q

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the special pair in ____ donates an e- to an ETC. There is a lost e- replaced by the splitting of ___.

A

photosystem II; water

102
Q

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the special pair in ____ donates e- to an e- ETC. There is a lost e- in replaced by the e- donated by ____.

A

photosystem I; photosystem II

103
Q

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, e- are added to NADP+ by ____ to make NADPH.

A

ferrodoxin NADP-reductase

104
Q

In light reaction, electron flow generates an _____ (which is used to make ATP) and ___.

A

H+ gradient; NADPH

105
Q

In stage 1 of photosynthesis, a proton gradient is generated and ATP is synthesized. Where do protons become concentrated in the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid space. (pH goes down)

106
Q

___ is the source of electrons moving through the chloroplast ETC. This happens in the ____ reaction center.

A

water; photosystem II

107
Q

Chloroplasts can generate ATP only. True or false?

A

True

108
Q

________ depicts the process that electrons from photosystem I are transferred to the cytochrome b6-f complex instead of NADP.

A

cyclic photophosphorylation

109
Q

In cyclic phosphorylation, there is a production of NADPH and a release of oxygen. True or false?

A

False. There is no production of NADPH nor the release of oxygen.

110
Q

In cyclic phosphorylation, there is no production of NADPH and no release of oxygen. True or false?

A

True

111
Q

In cyclic phosphorylation, cyclic flow does generate ATP. True or false?

A

True

112
Q

In ________, the excited chlorophyll of photosystem I passes electrons directly to the ETC that normally links photosystem II to photosystem I. The ETC chain is ___ to ATP production.

A

cyclic photophosphorylation; coupled

113
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation can take place when the plant needs ___ but does not have a great need for ____.

A

ATP; NADPH

114
Q

Noncyclic photophosphorylation can take place when the plant needs both ____ and ____.

A

ATP; NADPH

115
Q

Carbon fixation takes place in the ___.

A

stroma

116
Q

In carbon fixation, ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions are used to convert ___ into sugar.

A

CO2

117
Q

Dark reaction: In carbon fixation, addition of CO2 to ribulose 1,5 biphosphate is catalyzed by ______.

A

Rubisco

118
Q

Dark reaction: In carbox fixation, ___ enters the cycle and leaves as a ____.

A

CO2; sugar

119
Q

Dark reaction: The net gain of carbon fixation is 1 molecule of ____.

A

glyceraldehude 3-phosphate

120
Q

In dark reaction, what are the reactants in the carbon fixation cycle?

A

3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH

121
Q

In dark reaction, what is the goal (output) of the carbon fixation cycle?

A

1 glyceraldehyde + 3 phospate

122
Q

In dark reaction, what enzyme is involved in the carbon fixation cycle?

A

Rubisco

123
Q

In plants, the ____ and ____ collaborate to supply cells with metabolites and ATP.

A

chloroplasts; mitochondria

124
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by the same mechanism: _________

A

chemiosmosis.

125
Q

In both chloroplasts and mitochondria, an ___ chain pumps ____- across a membrane as electrons are passed along a series of increasingly electronegative carriers.

A

ETC; protons

126
Q

Individuals with inherited diseases causing mitochondrial dysfunction typically experience which of the following symptoms?

A

heart problems

127
Q

The citric acid cycle produces which activated carriers that transfer high-energy electrons to the electron-transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2

128
Q

_____ is a mobile electron carrier in the electron-transport chain.

A

ubiquitone

129
Q
A
130
Q

Shown is a chloroplast with labeled structures. The photosynthetic machinery is found in which of the compartments shown?

A

thylakoid membrane

131
Q

The proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase results in

A

a mechanical rotation that is converted into the chemical bond energy of ATP.

132
Q

Which of the following terms describes ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

133
Q

Modern eukaryotes depend on mitochondria to generate most of the cell’s ATP. How many molecules of ATP can a single molecule of glucose generate?

A

30

134
Q

The electrons used in photosynthesis come first from this molecule or atom:

A

Water

135
Q

In stage 1 of photosynthesis, a proton gradient is generated and ATP is synthesized. Where do protons become concentrated in the chloroplast?

A

thylakoid space

BIOL 3510 - Cell Biology Lecture (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions