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BIOL 3510 - Cell Biology Lecture > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organelle: Metabolic pathways, protein synthesis

A

cytosol

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2
Q

Name the organelle: contains nuclear genome, DNA and RNA synthesis

A

nucleus

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3
Q

Name the organelle: ATP Synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, own DNA and ribosome

A

mitochondria

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4
Q

Name the organelle: ATP Synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis, own DNA and ribosome

A

chloroplasts

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5
Q

Name the organelle: membrane synthesis, protein distribution

A

ER

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6
Q

The ER that has ribosomes attached is

A

rough

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7
Q

The ER that has the steroid hormone synthesis, Ca2+ sequestration

A

Think of Milk when you see calcium. And milk is rich and smooth.

Smooth ER

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8
Q

Name the organelle: proteins and lipid modification and sorting

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Name the organelle: intracellular degradation

A

lysosomes

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10
Q

Name the organelle: sorting of endocytosed material

A

endosomes

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11
Q

Name the organelle: oxidation of toxic molecules

A

peroxisomes

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12
Q

Which organelles form part of the endomembrane system?

A

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes

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13
Q

The _____ system is a set of organelles that extensively communicate via vesicle budding

A

endomembrane

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14
Q

Mitochondria or chloroplast form part of the endomembrane system because they are thought to have come from the engulfment of an ancient prokaryotic cell. True or false?

A

False. Both do not form part of the endomembrane system.

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15
Q

Name the organelle: ATP synthesis of oxidative phosphorylation.

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

Name the organelle: Intracellular degradation

A

lysosomes

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17
Q

Name the organelle: ATP synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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18
Q

Name the organelle: oxidative breakdown of toxic molecules

A

peroxisomes

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19
Q

Name the organelle: modification, sorting, packaging of proteins and lipids for either secretion or delivery to another organelles

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

Name the organelle: synthesis of most lipids; synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and to the plasma membrane

A

ER

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21
Q

Name the organelle: contains the main genome; DNA and RNA Synthesis

A

nucleus

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22
Q

Name the organelle: contains many metabolic pathways, protein synthesis; the cystoskeleton

A

cytosol

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23
Q

The volume of the cytosol in typical eukaryotic cell is about ___.

A

50%

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24
Q

____, ____, and ____ are each surrounded by a double membrane.

A

Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast

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25
Q

Organelles like the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and the ER have a ____ membrane.

A

single

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26
Q

The synthesis of virtually all proteins in the cell begins on ribosomes in the ______. The exceptions are the few ____ and _____ proteins that are synthesized on ribosomes inside these organelles.

A

cytosol; mitochondria; chloroplasts

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27
Q

What are the three mechanisms of protein transport into organelles?

A

1- Transport through nuclear pore; 2- Transport across membrane; 3- Transport by vesicles.

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28
Q

____ proteins enter through nuclear pores.

A

folded

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29
Q

___ proteins enter organelles via protein translocators.

A

unfolded

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30
Q

Unfolded proteins enter organelles via protein ____.

A

translocators.

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31
Q

____ proteins move via transport vesicles that fuse with destination membranes.

A

Folded

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32
Q

____ direct proteins to the correct organelle.

A

signal sequences

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33
Q

Signal sequences have a continuous stretch of ___ amino acids.

A

3-60

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34
Q

What happens if the cystolic protein has no signal sequence?

A

It stays in the cytosol

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35
Q

What is the signal sequence for the retention in lumen of ER?

A

Think… Before I go to the ER, I need:

Listerine, Aspirin, Glue… Then LEave and stay COOl.

Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu-COO-

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36
Q

What is the signal sequence for Import into nucleus?

A

Pro-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val

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37
Q

Which amino acids are positively charged for the following signal sequences: Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu-COO-

A

Lys

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38
Q

Which amino acids are negatively charged for the following signal sequences: Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu-COO-

A

Think… In the ER, taking aspirin and glue will result in negative consequences.

Asp-Glu

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39
Q

Which amino acids are positively charged for the following signal sequences: Pro-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val

A

Think…. Lysterine and Argentina have a positive meaning for me.

Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys

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40
Q

Which amino acids are negatively charged for the following signal sequences: Pro-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Va

A

none

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41
Q

What would happen if you add a signal sequence (for the ER) to the N-terminal end of a normally cystolic protein? (Assume in each case that the protein involved is a **soluble** protein, not a membrane protein.)

A

The protein will now be transported into the ER lumen.

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42
Q

What would happen if you change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into charged amino acids? (Assume in each case that the protein involved is a **soluble** protein, not a membrane protein.)

A

The altered signal sequence will not be recognized and the protein will remain in the cytosol.

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43
Q

What would happen if you change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into other hydrophobic amino acids? (Assume in each case that the protein involved is a **soluble** protein, not a membrane protein.)(

A

The protein will still be delivered into the ER.

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44
Q

The __ nuclear membrane is continuous with the __ membrane.

A

outer; ER

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45
Q

In the nucleus, the mesh-work of protein filaments provides ____ support. What type of protein filaments are these called?

A

structural; nuclear lamina

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46
Q

In the structure of the nucleus…. the _____ form the gates through which molecules enter or leave the nucleus.

A

nuclear pores

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47
Q

The inner and outer nuclear membranes form the _____ of the nucleus.

A

nuclear envelope

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48
Q

What is the term the describes a large, elaborate structure composed of a complex of about 30 amino acids.

A

nuclear pore

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49
Q

What prevents the passage of large molecules but allowing small, water-soluble molecules to pass freely and non-selectively between the nucleus and the cytosol?

A

nuclear pore complex

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50
Q

Folded proteins with nuclear localization signals are bound by ____.

A

nuclear import receptors

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51
Q

Nuclear import receptors and cargo cross the nuclear envelope via the ____.

A

nuclear pore

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52
Q

___ binds to the nuclear import receptor in the nucleus and returns it to the cytoplasm.

A

Ran-GTP

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53
Q

_____ hydrolysis drives nuclear transport.

A

GTP

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54
Q

Dr. Kim has discovered a drug that blocks the ability of Ran to exchange GDP to GTP. What is the most likely effect of this drug on nuclear transport?

A

Nuclear transport receptors would be unable to release their cargo in the nucleus.

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55
Q

Unfolded proteins enter mitochondria (chloroplasts) via _____.

A

protein translocators

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56
Q

In the mitochondria, the unfolded proteins diffuse laterally in the ___ membrane until it encounters a second ____ in the inner membrane.

A

outer; translocator

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57
Q

A mitochondrion has an ___ and ____ membrane, and each membrane has its own protein ____.

A

outer; inner; translocator

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58
Q

What is the most extensive membrane network in eukaryotic cells?

A

ER

59
Q

When translating proteins with ER signal sequences, _____ are targeted to the ER.

A

ribosomes

60
Q

All ribosomal subunits return to the common pool in the _____.

A

cytosol

61
Q

ER protein targeting depends on the interaction between the ______ and the _____.

A

signal recognition particle; SRP receptor

62
Q

ER proteins are threaded through a _________.

A

protein translocator

63
Q

SRP and SRP receptor bind and hydrolize ___.

A

GTP

64
Q

In the ER, the SRP is displaced and released for ___.

A

reuse

65
Q

After signal sequence cleavage, soluble proteins are released into the ___.

A

ER lumen

66
Q

After signal sequence cleavage, soluble proteins are released into the ER lumen. The signal peptide is now _____ and then the cleaved signal is going to be ___ later.

A

cleaved; ejected

67
Q

Using genetic engineering techniques, you have created a set of proteins that contain two (and only two) conflicting signal sequences that specifiy different compartments. Predict which signal would win out for the following combinations.

A

The protein would enter the ER. ER sorting signal would supersede a nuclear localization signal.

68
Q

The arrangement of ER membrane proteins is determined by hydrophobic _______ and ______ sequences.

A

start transfer; stop transfer

69
Q

What is 1?

A

hydrophobic start-transfer sequence

70
Q

What is 2?

A

cytosol

71
Q

What is 3?

A

ER Lumen

72
Q

What is 4?

A

COOH

73
Q

Which is the mature single-pass transmembrane protein in ER membrane?

A

5

74
Q

Which # represents the hydrophobic stop-transfer sequence?

A

6

75
Q

Transport vesicles carry soluble proteins and membrane between _____.

A

compartments

76
Q

During _____, this vesicle here fuse with a plasma membrane and release its content, the outside

A

exocytosis

77
Q

In ______, extracellular material is captured by vesicle and then inward from the plasma membrane and is carried into the cell.

A

endocytosis

78
Q

Transport by ___ moves proteins and lipids between membrane compartments.

A

vesicles

79
Q

What type of pathway is the ER to the GA to the plasma membrane, and ER to the GA to endosome to the lysosome.

A

Secretory

80
Q

What type of pathway is the plasma membrane to the lysosome?

A

endocytic

81
Q

To function optimally, each transport vesicle that buds off from a compartment must take with it only the proteins ________ to its destination and must fuse ____ with the appropriate target membrane.

A

appropriate; only

82
Q

_____ is driven by the assembly of a protein coat.

A

Vesicle budding

83
Q

___ vesicles bud from membrane surfaces.

A

coated

84
Q

What is the origin and destination of the following coat proteins: clathrin + adaptin 1

A

Golgi apparatus; lysosomes (via endosomes)

85
Q

What is the origin and destination of the following coat protein: clathrin + adaptin 2

A

plasma membrane; endosomes

86
Q

What is the origin and destination of the following coat protein: COP proteins

A

ER, Golgi cisterna, Golgi apparatus;

Golgi apparatus, Golgi cisterna, ER

87
Q

Vesicles that bud from membranes usually have a distinctive protein coat on their cytosolic surface and are therefore called coated vesicles. What are the functions of the coat?

A

1- It helps shape the membrane into a bud;

2- It captures molecules for onward transport

88
Q

_____ receptors recognize transport signals on cargo molecules and bind.

A

cargo

89
Q

____ mediate the connection between coat proteins and cargo receptors

A

Adaptins

90
Q

_____ (binds GTP) pinches off the vesicle.

A

dynamin

91
Q

____ and ____ are involved in the initial shaping of the vesicle into the pit.

A

clathrin; adaptin

92
Q

How does a transport vesicle select its particular cargo?

A

Second class of coat proteins called adaptins does the job.

93
Q

What are the 2 functions of the adaptins?

A

1- Secure the clathrin coat to the vesicle membrane;

2- Help select the cargo molecules for transport

94
Q

Dr. Kim has just joined a lab that studies vesicle budding from the Golgi and has been given a cell line that does not form mature vesicles. She wants to start designing some experiments but wasn’t listening carefully when she was told about the molecular defect of this cell line. She’s too embarrassed to ask and come to you for help. She does recall that ***this cell line forms coated pits but vesicle budding and the removal of coat proteins don’t happen***. Which of the following proteins might be lacking in this cell line?

A

dynamin

95
Q

After a transport vesicle buds from a membrane, coated vesicle rapidly lose its protein coat and then it must find its way to its correct destination to deliver its content. How?

A

Docking and fusion and mediated by proteins on the surface of the vesicle and target membrane, including Rab and SNARE proteins.

96
Q

___ proteins on the surface of each type of vesicles are recognized by corresponding tethering proteins on the cytosolic surface of the target membrane.

A

Rab

97
Q

Once the tethering protein has captured a vesicle by grabbing hold of its Rab protein, _____ on the vesicle interact with complementary _____ on the target (t-SNARE) membrane.

A

SNAREs; SNAREs

98
Q

The same SNAREs play a central role in catalyzing the membrane ___.

A

fusion

99
Q

____ the soluble contents.

A
100
Q

What are the protein-protein interactions that mediate fusion of transport vesicles?

A

Tethering

Docking

Fusion

101
Q

___ proteins are involved in the recognition of the transport vesicle with its target membrane.

A

Rab

102
Q

___ are transferred to asparagines by oligosaccharide protein transferase.

A

Pre-formed oligosaccharides

103
Q

The unfolded ER protein pass through the translocator right so now you need to modify in the ___.

A

ER lumen

104
Q

Proteins are modified by ___ in the ___.

A

enzymes; ER

105
Q

What is the purpose of disulfide bond formation?

A

Helps stabilize the protein structure

106
Q

Addition of oligosaccharide side chains is termed ____.

A

glycosylation

107
Q

What is the purpose of glycosylation?

A

1- Protein protection from degradation

2- Keeps the protein in the ER until it is properly folded;

3- Acts as a transport signal for packaging the protein into appropriate transport vesicle;

4- Cell-cell recognition

108
Q

Name the two types of protein modification that can occur in the ER but not in the cytosol.

A

1- Disulfide bond are formed by the oxidation of pairs of cysteine side chains (This does not occur in the cytosol because of its reducing environment.)

2- Proteins in the ER can undergo glycosylation. (Glycoysylating enzymes are not found in the cytosol. An oligosaccharyl transferase is a membrane-bound enzyme that has its active site exposed on the lumenal side of the ER membrane.)

109
Q

Exit from the ER is ___.

A

selective

110
Q

What are the reasons proteins remain in the ER?

A

1- Have an ER retention signal (4 aa);

2- Are incorrectly folded (retained by chaperones);

3- Are incorrectly assembled multimeric proteins (retained by chaperones)

111
Q

____ prevent misfolded or partially assembled proteins from leaving the ER.

A

chaperones

112
Q

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen triggers an ______.

A

unfolded protein response (UPR)

113
Q

Proteins are further modified and sorted in the ____.

A

Golgi apparatus

114
Q

___ golgi network faces the ER, It buds vesicles that return to the ER or continue through the Golgi apparatus.

A

cis

115
Q

___ golgi network faces the plasma membrane. It buds vesicle destined for the plasma membrane or other compartments.

A

trans

116
Q

The fusion of a vesicle (transport or secretory) with the plasma membrane is ___.

A

exocytosis

117
Q

Secretory proteins are released from the cell by _____.

A

exocytosis

118
Q

What are the two distinct types of exocytosis that proteins (and lipids) move to the plasma membrane?

A

unregulated exocytosis;

regulated exocytosis

119
Q

Which exocytosis default by pathway and transport vesicles are continuously fusing?

A

unregulated

120
Q

Which exocytosis occurs only in some cells and the secretory vesicles do not fuse until a signal is received?

A

regulated

121
Q

___ vesicles do not fuse until a signal is received.

A

secretory

122
Q

Both the unregulated and regulated exocytosis diverge in the ____. Also, specify if it cis or trans.

A

trans Golgi network

123
Q

Secretory vesicles ______ and _____ concentrated proteins.

A

store; release

124
Q

What are the 3 types of sorting compartments for the endosomes?

A

Recycling; Degradation; Transcytosis

125
Q

In endosomes, ____ is the terms that occurs when receptors return to the plasma membrane.

A

recycling

126
Q

In endosomes, ____ is when the receptors/cargo and contents of the lumen move to _____.

A

degradation; lysosomes

127
Q

In endosomes, _____ occurs when receptors (& cargo?) move to a new plasma membrane area.

A

transcytosis

128
Q

_____ digest extracellular materials and old organelles.

A

lysosomes

129
Q

____ is the uptake of material into cell by membrane invagination and internalization of the resulting vesicle.

A

endocytosis

130
Q

______ is the uptake of particles into large vesicles called _____.

A

phagocytosis; phagosomes

131
Q

Phagocytosis occurs in ____ cells. Phagosomes fuse with ____.

A

phagocytic; lysosomes

132
Q

_____involves the intake of molecules and fluid and is active in all cells.

A

Pinocytosis

133
Q

Pinocytosis are indiscriminate, occurs via _____ coated pits and vesicles, and vesicles fuse with _____.

A

clathrin; endosomes

134
Q

_________ is the selective endocytosis of specific macromolecules.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

135
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs in ______.

A

low density lipoproteins

136
Q

Pathway to lysosomes…. _____ is the enclosure of an old organelle in a double membrane creating autophagosome.

A

autophagy

137
Q

Lysosomal enzymes are all ___ hydrolases, which have optimal activity at a low pH of about __.

A

Acidic; 5

138
Q

Fully folded proteins can be transported into which of the following organelles?

A

nucleus

139
Q

Which of the following organelles is the site of steroid hormone synthesis in endocrine cells?

A

Smooth ER

140
Q

Nuclear pores restrict larger molecules from traversing the membrane due to their

A

interwoven meshwork of protein fibrils.

141
Q

Which of the following accurately describes a step in GTP-driven nuclear transport?

A

Binding of Ran-GTP to the receptor releases the cargo protein.

142
Q

In which process do Rab proteins function?

A

vesicle tethering

143
Q

What is one of the main differences in the behavior of the proteins in a vesicle destined for constitutive secretion, and the proteins in the vesicle destined for regulated secretion?

A

Proteins in the regulated secretion vesicle tend to aggregate and become highly concentrated in the ionic conditions in the vesicle.

144
Q

Which of the endocytic pathways involves the ingestion of large particles or microorganisms and is performed mainly by specialized cells?

A

phagocytosis

BIOL 3510 - Cell Biology Lecture (17 decks)

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